Network Fundamentals Part 1

Front 1

Network Characteristics (6)

Back 1

Simple

Fair

Reliable

Robust

Transparent

Manageable

Front 2

Advantages of Network

Back 2

Vendors Connected

Share Resources

Addition/Removal

Access Security

Time Date Stamps

Simple Back-Up

High Speeds

Front 3

Nodes

Back 3

- An electrical device that is part of a network

- Capable of creating, receiving or transmitting information

Front 4

Hosts

Back 4

- Devices on a network with their own IP addresses

- Printers, Computers, Servers, Routers

Front 5

Peer Devices

Back 5

- Computers that act as both client and server

Front 6

Mainframe Computers

Back 6

- Analysing data traffic

- Transaction Processing

- Large organisations

- Huge storage options

Front 7

Terminals

Back 7

- Simple computers that represent a mainframe in digital form

Front 8

Network Segments

Back 8

- Routers create them

- Makes a group of devices into its own categories

Front 9

Network Backbone

Back 9

- The first line of contact from ISP to server, router, computer

- Carrying internet traffic to devices

Front 10

LAN

Back 10

- Local Area Network

- A network confined from one room to an entire building (small geographic location)

- Cabled and wireless devices connected to a medium (router or server etc.)

Front 11

Why have LANs

Back 11

- Sharing info locally

- Communication

- Organisation

- Profit

Front 12

Network Documentation

Back 12

- Something that defines or describes the current network infrastructure

- Microsoft Visio is an example

Front 13

Hub

Back 13

- Central connection for devices

- All hosts are connected through copper cabling

- All data being sent, goes through the hub and is broadcast on every port

Front 14

Limitations of Hub

Back 14

- Half-Duplex

- All data will be broadcast out all ports

- Collisions and Broadcast Storm

Front 15

4 Port Router

Back 15

- Central connecting device

- Special communications link to the internet

- Allowing the host to send data to and receive from devices

- Link between Router and internet is where a LAN ends

Front 16

Switches

Back 16

- Switch will recognise frames and pays attention to destination MAC address

- Learns on which port packets are received

- Does not broadcast its information to any other device

Front 17

How Do Switches Function

Back 17

- Learns on which port information arrives

- Makes record in switching table and works keeps associated MAC address

Front 18

Managed vs Unmanaged Switch

Back 18

Managed:

- Allows users to configure:

- Duplex, Speed, QoS

- More expensive

Unmanaged:

- Everything is already fully automated

- If it stops working very difficult to fix again

Front 19

Speed + Duplex

Back 19

- 10/100/1000

- New Switches are still backwards compatible but older ones will not work

Front 20

Speed + Duplex Unmanaged Switch

Back 20

- Unmanaged will detect what speed is coming through the port and set the port to that speed

- Half-Duplex data transfer

Front 21

Speed + Duplex Managed Switch

Back 21

- Speed set manually depending on model

- Duplex can be set manually as well, it is not limited to half duplex

Front 22

5 Switching States

Back 22

Listening

Learning

Forwarding

Blocking

Disabled

Front 23

Switches Listening

Back 23

- Builds active topology

- Listens to switch ID and MAC Address

Front 24

Learning

Back 24

- Begins building tables

- The port cannot forward data currently

Front 25

Forwarding

Back 25

- Sending and receiving data

- Port performs normal operations

Front 26

Blocking

Back 26

- A port that would cause a loop if it were sending data, so it only receives, removes the possibility of a loop

Front 27

Disabled

Back 27

- A port that is manually isolated from the network

Front 28

Single Collision Domain

Back 28

- Network that has packet collisions

- Two devices send a packet at the same time, reducing network efficiency

- Hub environment same collision domain

- Switch or router are in a separate collision domain

Front 29

Broadcast Domain

Back 29

- Domain in which a broadcast is forwarded

- Broadcast domain contains all devices that can reach eachother by the data link layer OSI Layer 2

Front 30

Broadcast Domain Switch

Back 30

- A switch makes all of its ports part of the same Broadcast Domain

Front 31

Broadcast Domain Router

Back 31

- All ports on a router are in different broadcast domains

Front 32

Network Adapter

Back 32

- NIC (Network Interface Card), allowing you to send and receive data from your device

Front 33

RJ-45 Patch Cable

Back 33

- This port will allow the most common wired connections to be accessible by that device

Front 34

Serial Data Transfer

Back 34

- Data is transferred to LAN in a serial fashion over twisted-pair cabling

- Serial data transfer is a single-bit stream (one at a time)

Front 35

Serial Data Transmission Speed

Back 35

- Bits are transmitted one per clock cycle

- Single bits across a single transmission medium

Front 36

Serial Data Transmission Data Throughput Is Limited 3 Types of Bits

Back 36

- Synchronisation bits

- Start and Stop bits

- Error Correction bits

Front 37

Serial Data Transmission Types of Communication

Back 37

- Synchronous and Asynchronous communication

- Used in Ethernet networks

Front 38

Serial Data Transmission Devices

Back 38

- Keyboards

- Mice

- Modems

- Other Devices

Front 39

Parallel Data Transmission Speed

Back 39

- Multiple bits are transmitted per clock cycle

- Bits move across multiple transmission media

Front 40

Parallel Data Transmission Data Movement

Back 40

- Data throughout improved because non-data bits do not travel with data bits

Front 41

Parallel Data Transmission Uses + Devices

Back 41

- Printers + Scanners

- PC System Bus

- SCSI Data Bus

- PC Card Bus

Front 42

Ethernet

Back 42

- The set of rules that govern transmission of data between network adapters

- All network adapters and central devices must all use Ethernet cables to communicate

Front 43

Types of Ethernet

Back 43

- 802.3u Fast Ethernet that runs at 100Mbps

- 802.3 or a Gigabit Ethernet

Front 44

All Types of Transfers

Back 44

- Broadcast

- Unicast

- Multicast

- Anycast

Front 45

Broadcast

Back 45

- All data is sent to all hosts on the network

Front 46

Unicast

Back 46

- Sends data to only one host

Front 47

Multicast

Back 47

- Data sent to all members of multicast group

Front 48

Anycast

Back 48

- Anycast sends data to nearest group member, which then forwards it to others in the network

Front 49

Broadcast Transmission

Back 49

- All Nodes receive the data that one computer has sent to the server

Front 50

Unicast Transmission

Back 50

- Node sends data to server, all other clients ignore this transmission

Front 51

Multicast Transmission

Back 51

- Server sends transmission to multicast group all of which receive the data

- Other hosts outside the group ignore this transmission

Front 52

Anycast Transmission

Back 52

- Server sends transmission to nearest group member, the receiving computer will send it to its nearest group member

Front 53

Data Transfer Rate

Back 53

- Bit rate, defines how many bits per second transfer over a network

- 10Mbps (Lower case b) bits

- 10MB stored data for bytes (Capital B)

Front 54

10Base Standards

Back 54

100BaseT

100 is speed

Base is signal type

Media is the method / cable anything T is copper G is fiber optic

Front 55

Baseband Transmission

Back 55

- Near 0 frequency range

- Digital Signalling

- Uses all of the available bandwidth

Front 56

Broadband Transmission

Back 56

- Uses more than one frequency (FDM)

- Frequency-Division Multiplexing

- Analogue Signals

- Shares available bandwidth

Front 57

IP Addresses

Back 57

- This address allows each device to send and receive information to eachother

- Defines the device and the network it lives on

Front 58

IP Address Makeup

Back 58

- Split into 2 parts the network portion 192.168.2(first 3 octets)

- While the final number dictates the host number

Front 59

Subnet Mask

Back 59

- A group of 4 numbers that defines what IP network the computer is a member of

Front 60

Host Devices IP Addresses

Back 60

- On most computers come from a network adapter

- While switches and routers also have their own

Front 61

Wired LAN

Back 61

- Devices connected by copper based twisted-pair cables

- STP or UTP

Front 62

WLAN

Back 62

- Wireless Local Area Network

- Access point that is mobile and can connect other wirelessly connected devices

Front 63

WAP

Back 63

- Central connecting device of the network

- Phones, Laptops, many other devices all can access wireless

Front 64

Virtual LAN

Back 64

- Group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if all of them were part of one switch despite physical location

Front 65

Perimeter Network

Back 65

- DMZ (Demilitarised Zone)

- Set up seperateley from a companys private LAN and the internet

Front 66

Back-to-back Configuration

Back 66

- There are firewalls separating the DMZ from an organisations LAN

- More secure way to protect against hacking

Front 67

3 Leg Perimeter

Back 67

- One firewall between the DMZ and an organisations LAN

Front 68

All Types of Topologies

Back 68

- Star

- Token Ring

- Mesh

- Ring

Front 69

Star Topology

Back 69

- One central device is connected too by all other devices

Front 70

Mesh Topology

Back 70

- Makes up the internet

- Every computer connects to all other computers on the network so it will likely take the fastest route possible

Front 71

Ring Topology

Back 71

- LAN Environment each computer connected in a loop

- FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface

Front 72

Token Ring

Back 72

- A token goes from each computer and continues in a cycle, this will ask the computer if they are sending anything then move onto the next one

Front 73

Frames

Back 73

- A group of bytes packaged by a network adapter

- These are created and move in Layer 2 of the OSI model

Front 74

Ethernet Standards High or Low

Back 74

10Mbps is 802.3 or 802.3a with 1 letter

Gbps or higher is 802.3 followed by two letters

Front 75

Types of Media Access

Back 75

- Central device determines media access (speed of network data transfer)

Front 76

Polling - Controlled Media

Back 76

- Each device is contacted

- Each node is guaranteed media access

Front 77

Polling - Demand Priority

Back 77

- Node Signal:

- Ready to transmit

- Idle

- High priority

Front 78

Contention (First Come First Served)

Back 78

- CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

Front 79

IEEE 802.3

Back 79

CSMA/CD : Wired

CSMA/CA : Wirelesa

Front 80

CSMA/CA Classroom

Back 80

- Check if anyone is transmitting, if a device set a timer to try again

- Used for wireless communication due to inability to send and receive on the same channel

Front 81

CSMA/CD Chat Room

Back 81

- Checks if transmissions are not being sent, to send new transmission

- If collision is detected timer set to send it again

- Used in wired communications

Front 82

Token Passing

Back 82

- Token is a signal that gives the node permission to communicate

- Collisions are eliminated in this scenario and bandwidth fully utilised

- If computers want many short tasks they will have to wait for the token

Front 83

Token Bus

Back 83

- Virtual ring ( not actually shaped in a ring)

- Each computer knows the address of its neighbour in the ring

- Protocol 802.4 standard

Front 84

Multiplexing

Back 84

Front 85

Centralised Computing

Back 85

- The older type of computing

- Where there was one super computer and the rest were terminals

- Terminals were just keyboards with a display

Front 86

Distributive Computing

Back 86

- Every device or workstation has its own processing power

Front 87

Terminal Services and Remote Sessions

Back 87

- Thin-client computers do not have a hard drive and store an operating system and RAM

- Blending both forms of computing together

Front 88

Client Server Model

Back 88

- Architecture that distributes applications between servers

- Windows Server 2016

Front 89

Client Server Networks

Back 89

- Server provides:

- Processing power

- Management Services

- Administrative Function

Front 90

Different Types of Servers

Back 90

- File Server

- Print Server

- Database Server

- Network Controller

- Messaging Server

- Web Server

- CTI (Computer Telephone Integration)

Front 91

Tower

Back 91

Smaller servers ideal for an office or smaller environment

Can be easily upgraded and modified, and still can do always-on operation

Front 92

Rack Mount

Back 92

Rack Server designed to be installed into server cabinets for high density computing

1U up to 5U

Front 93

Blade Servers

Back 93

Blade Servers offer high density mounting of devices

They are easy to maintain and can still grow with to suit business needs

Front 94

Peer-to-peer Networking

Back 94

Each computer is treated as an equal

Some computers can also provide services to a small group of computers

Front 95

Peer-to-Peer Networks

Back 95

- Resourcing sharing, processing, and communications control

Front 96

P2P

Back 96

- These now refer to file sharing networks

- Applications like Skype and Spotify