Nervous System

Front 1

Interact to control most of the body functions

Both systems arecommunication systems that receive and deliver messages throughout the body.

Back 1

The nervous andendocrine systems

Front 2

a change in the environmentthat elicit a response

Back 2

stimulus.

Front 3

no need to think about the reactions.

Back 3

automatic.

Front 4

Encompasses elements within the animalorganism concerned with

Back 4

• Reception of stimuli• Transmission of nerve impulses• Activation of muscle mechanisms

Front 5

consists of majorglands in the body that produce chemical messages called hormones that regulate certain body activities.

Back 5

Endocrine System

Front 6

nerve cells form a network capableof mediating only a relatively stereotyped response

Back 6

Jellyfish

Front 7

cerebral ganglion, a main nervecord and branching pairs of lateral nerves

Back 7

Earthworm-

Front 8

cell bodies of neurons organized incluster, cerebral ganglia, that acts a a primitive brain, controlling and coordinating various basic functions

Back 8

Insects-

Front 9

• Includes the brain and spinal cord

• Seat of complex brain functions such as memory, intelligence, learning and emotion (love, hate fear, anger, elation and sadness)

• Receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and from the external environment.

Back 9

Central nervous system

Front 10

controlseverything in the body.

Back 10

The brain

Front 11

weight of the brain

Back 11

1.3kg

Front 12

neurons in brain

Back 12

100B neurons

Front 13

protects the brain

Back 13

skull.

Front 14

outermostmembrane, the toughest and the thickest

Back 14

Dura matter-

Front 15

middlemembrane below the dura matter

Back 15

Arachnoid

Front 16

the innermostmembrane consisting mainly of small blood vessels following the surface of the brain supported by cerebrospinal fluid

Back 16

Pia matter

Front 17

important centers forplanning, learning movement sequences

Back 17

Basic nuclei

Front 18

sensory information isanalyzed, motor commands are issued & language is generated

Back 18

Cerebral cortex

Front 19

The brain has three main parts...

Back 19

1) Cerebrum 2) Cerebellum3) Brain Stem

Front 20

controls thinking, memory, speech, movement and identifies the information gathered by your sense organs.

Back 20

cerebrum

Front 21

coordinatesmovements, posture & balance− hand-eye coordination

Back 21

cerebellum

Front 22

connects the brain tothe spinal cord.

Back 22

The Brain Stem

Front 23

control yourheartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.

Back 23

The nerves in the brainstem

Front 24

derived from themetencephalon, regulates the breathing center of medulla

Back 24

Pons

Front 25

derived frommesencephalon, functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement, conduction of information to higher brain centers

Back 25

Midbrain-

Front 26

derivedfrom myelencephalon, controls breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, vomiting digestion

Back 26

Medulla oblongata-

Front 27

is thepart of the nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the nervous system.

Back 27

The spinal cord

Front 28

• Responsible for providing sensory (afferent) information to the central nervous system

• Carry motor (efferent) commands out to the body’s tissues

Back 28

Peripheral nervous system

Front 29

Includes all neural tissue outside of the centralnervous system

Back 29

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Front 30

carries the impulse for the sensation of sight

Back 30

optic nerve

Front 31

carries impulses for the sensation smell

Back 31

olfactory nerve

Front 32

motor nerve for four of six extrinsic eye muscle and for the elevator of the eyelid

Back 32

oculmotor

Front 33

enervates the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball

Back 33

torchlear nerve

Front 34

enervates the muscle of mastication, carries the impulse from the skin of the face, eyeball and mucosa of the mouth, nose and teeth

Back 34

trigeminal

Front 35

motor and sensory nerve for external rectus muscle of the eyeball

Back 35

abducens

Front 36

motor nerves for the muscle of the face, ears and scalp

Back 36

facial nerve

Front 37

carries the impulses for the sensation of hearing

Back 37

auditory nerve

Front 38

carries the impulses for the sensation of taste and ouch, innervates the muscles of the pharynx and the base of the tongue

Back 38

glossopharygeal nerve

Front 39

sensory nerves for vocal cord and lungs, motor nerve for larynx and alimentary

Back 39

vagus nerve

Front 40

major nerve for muscles of the pharynx and neck

Back 40

spinal accessory nerve

Front 41

motor nerve for the movement of the tongue

Back 41

hypoglossal nerve

Front 42

• Sympathetic division-most active in times of stress

• Parasympathetic division-controls maintenance activities and helps conserve the body’s energy

Back 42

Autonomic nervous system

Front 43

• Responsible for fight or flight system

• Arises from the middle portion of the spinal cord (thoracolumbar), joins the sympathetic ganglionated chain, courses through the spinal nerves and widely distributed throughout the body

• Increase alertness, stimulates tissue and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations

• Stimulated by adrenalin (epineprine) and inhibited by ergotoxin

Back 43

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 44

• The rest and repose system conserves energy and controls sedentary activities, such as digestion

• Return the normal activity of the body after an emergency, and includes constriction of pupils, dilation of small blood vessels, inhibition of heartbeat, stimulation of the muscles and stomach

• Arises both above and below the sympathetic, that is from the brain and from the lower part of the spinal cord (craniosacral)

Back 44

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 45

An automatic reactionwithout thinking and happens quickly in less than a second.

Back 45

Reflex arc

Front 46

Carries impulses from receptors e.g. pain receptorsin skin or sense organs to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

Back 46

Sensory neurons

Front 47

Connects sensory and motor neurons and carriesimpulse between them

Back 47

Interneuron or Relay neuron

Front 48

Carries impulses from CNS (motor output) toeffector e.g. muscle to bring about movement or gland to bring about secretion of hormone e.g. ADH

Back 48

Motor neuron

Front 49

How does the Synapse carry the signal?

Back 49

1) Electrical current travels down the axon

2) Synaptic vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane

3) Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane

4) The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell.

Front 50

classified fivesenses, continued to be regarded as the classical senses, although scientists have determined the existence of as many as 15 additional senses

Back 50

Aristotle

Front 51

display a sense of balance bymaintaining their normal upright position, and their response to water currents indicates that they have a sense of touch.

Back 51

Sponges

Front 52

have statocyststhat enable them to detect vibrations that pass under it through the sea bottom

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Jellyfish and sea anemones

Front 53

have statoliths, grains of sand that theanimal itself places in a pit or closed sac

Back 53

Many mollusks, crustaceans and worms

Front 54

have hair sensilla located almost anywhere in the body

Back 54

Mosquitoes, cockroaches and other insects

Front 55

have more complicated hearing organs,tympanic organs

Back 55

Grasshoppers, crickets and many moths

Front 56

is is also apart of respiratory system

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nose

Front 57

Distinguished 4 gustatory qualities ofsubstances (sweetness, saltiness, sourness and bitterness

• Determined by taste buds receptors, the number and shape vary with individual

Back 57

Taste

Front 58

are located on the surface and sidesof the tongue, the roof of the mouth and entrance of pharynx

Back 58

Taste buds

Front 59

arrangement of papillae at theback of the tongue with the angle pointing backward

Back 59

Circumvallate

Front 60

The tongue is coveredby approximately

Back 60

10,000taste buds

Front 61

sensations from the outsideof the body (touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain sensed by skin)

Back 61

Exteroreceptors-

Front 62

concerned with sensationswithin the body

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Interoreceptors-

Front 63

receptorsin the muscles, tendons and joints, give rise to sensations indicating the position and movement of body parts

Back 63

Proprioreceptors

Front 64

• Touch-nets of nervefiber surrounding the bases of hair (Meissmer’s corpuscles)

• Pressure-Vater- Pacinian corpuscles, nerve-ending surrounded by specialized capsule

• Heat-Ruffini corpuscles

• Cold-Krause end bulbs

• Pain-naked end bulbs

Back 64

Sensation receptors

Front 65

endowed with specialized receptorsthat detect stimuli that man cannot sense

Back 65

Animals

Front 66

is the adequate stimulus for visualexperience

Back 66

−Light