Nce Exam Human Growth And Development

Front 1

Name two Constructivists

Back 1

Vygosty
Piaget

Front 2

Who conceived Active Classroom Environments and describe what it is.

Back 2

Vygotsky and he believed that students should be divided into small groups in the classroom and having an active involvement in learning material.
i.e. experiments

Front 3

What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development and when do these stages occur?

Back 3

Sensorimotor (0yrs to 2yrs)
Preoperational (2 yrs to 7yrs)
Concrete Operational (7yrs to 11yrs)
Formal Operational (12+ yrs)

Front 4

Describe the abilities of a child in the Sensorimotor stage and the challenge must pass before moving to the next stage of development.

Back 4

Child learns about the world through their senses (taste, hear, smell, and look)
Object Permanence is the challenge, and the child needs to recognize that objects exist even when they are out of sight.

Front 5

Describe the abilities of a child in the Preoperational stage and the challenge must pass before moving to the next stage of development.

Back 5

Rapid use of symbols and language.
Talk without caring if someone else is talking with them. (Egocentrism)
Can't take the perspective of others.(Egocentrism)
Animism giving objects the characteristics of people
Irreversibility child doesn't understand actions can be reversed
Centration child only notices the most obvious
No sense of "Conservation" (skinny and fat glass)

Front 6

Describe the abilities of a child in the Concrete Operational stage and the challenge must pass before moving to the next stage of development.

Back 6

Child can preform more mental tasks (operations) manipulation of information.
They can classify information, recognize conservation.
Will begin to think logically but in concrete terms.

Front 7

Describe the abilities of a child in the Formal Operational stage and the challenge must pass before moving to the next stage of development.

Back 7

Child can no think abstractly and relativistically.
They can use deduction and carry out systematic tests.
A renewed sense of Egocentrism may occur with self-consciousness, self-criticism, and self-admiration

Front 8

What are Information Processing Theories all about?

Back 8

These theories describe cognitive development as the acquisition and generalization of new and better techniques for handling information, combined with the greater capacity for storing information. (Computers)

Front 9

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Back 9

This is difference between what a child can do without assistance and what they need help with

Front 10

What are Elementary Mental functions?

Back 10

Natural capacities for which no learning or thought is necessary

Front 11

What are Vygotsky's Stages in the Development of Speech?

Back 11

Social Speech (external)- 0yrs to 3yrs child uses speech and sounds to control the behavior of others
Egocentric Speech-3yrs to 7yrs
children talk to themselves about their actions to guide their own behaviors.
Inner Speech-7yrs+-Similar to Egocentric speech in that it guides thoughts and behavior, but there isn't a need to externalize

Front 12

What is Assimilation?

Back 12

incorporation and blending of new information into the memory structures or schemes.

Front 13

Describe Adaptation

Back 13

It is the process that applies Assimilation and Accommodation.

Front 14

What is Accommodation?

Back 14

Making room in existing structures and schemes of memory to incorporate new knowledge

Front 15

What is the Nativist's Approach?

Back 15

The Nativist are a group of psychologist that believe that language acquistion follows a universal pattern of development established biologically.

Front 16

According to the Nativitsts a Critical Period of development is what?

Back 16

its the time when a person is sensitive to certain stimuli and it can have a positive or negative effect on development.

Front 17

What is the Interactionists approach to development?

Back 17

They think that language development is a combination of biological and environmental factors.

Front 18

What is Phonology?

Back 18

Its what language sounds like.

Front 19

What are Phonemes?

Back 19

They are the smallest unit of sound in a language and every language has its own set

Front 20

What is a Morpheme?

Back 20

The smallest combinations of sounds which have a meaning.

Front 21

What is Morphology?

Back 21

the rules for word formation in a language.

Front 22

What's Syntax?

Back 22

how words should be combined to form sentences.

Front 23

What's Semantics?

Back 23

the rules for selecting words and phrases which express one's intended meaning.

Front 24

What are Pragmatics?

Back 24

how language is to be used in different social contexts. This includes non-verbal behavior, turn-taking, use of slang, and jargon.

Front 25

What are the parts of Freud's personality development?

Back 25

Id
Ego
Superego

Front 26

What are Erickson's stages of personality development?

Back 26

Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame
Initiative vs Guilt
Industry vs Inferiority
Intimacy vs isolation
Generativity vs Stagnation
Ego Integrity vs Despair

Front 27

True or False
Erickson places greater emphasis on the ID than the Ego?

Back 27

False

Front 28

What are Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

Back 28

Anal, Oral, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages

Front 29

What is the Anal stage all about?

Back 29

Control of bodily wastes, primary challenge is potty training. Fixation results in anal retentiveness, OCD, cruelty, destructiveness

Front 38

Parenting styles come in what two basic dimensions?

Back 38

1. Warmth/Hostility
2. Permissiveness/Restrictivness

Front 39

Children that are raised with a warm/permissive parenting style are usually?

Back 39

independent, outgoing, active, assertive, tolerant, and high in self-esteem

Front 40

Children that are raised with a warm/restrictive parenting style are usually?

Back 40

dependent, insecure, and low in creativity

Front 41

Children that are raised with a Hostile/permissive parenting style are usually?

Back 41

disobedient, aggressive, and rebellious

Front 42

Children that are raised with a hostile/restrictive parenting style are usually?

Back 42

socially withdrawn, sullen, shy, and self-punshing

Front 43

What are Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?

Back 43

Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality

Front 44

Kubler-Ross's Stages of Grief

Back 44

1. Denial and Isolation
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Front 45

What types of theories are there about Gender-Role development?

Back 45

Biological theories
Social Learning theories
Cognitive Development theories

Front 46

What are Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development?

Back 46

Preconventional Morality
-1.Punishment and Obedience
-2.Instrumental Hedonism
Conventional Morality
-3.Good Kid
-4.Law and Order
Postconventional Morality
-5.Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws
-6.Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience

Front 47

Describe Kohlberg's stage of Punishment and Obedience

Back 47

Goodness and Badness of and act depends on its consequences

Front 48

Describe Kohlberg's stage of Instrumental Hedonism

Back 48

Consequences still guide moral judgements, but now focus is more on obtaining rewards and satisfying personal needs.

Front 49

Describe Kohlberg's stage of Good Kid

Back 49

The morally "right" decision is the one liked or approved of by others.

Front 50

Describe Kohlberg's stage of Law and Order Orientation

Back 50

Moral decisions are decided upon rules set forth by legitimate authorities

Front 51

Describe Kohlberg's stage of Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience

Back 51

Moral decisions are made by a self-chosen set of universal principles.

Front 52

Describe Erickson's Stage Industry vs Inferiority

Back 52

Occurs during school years, child's neighbors and people at school is important. Child needs to master social and academic skills to avoid feeling inferior.

Front 53

Describe Erickson's stage Ego Identity vs Role Confusion

Back 53

Occurs during teen years. Peers are dominant social influence. Sense of personal identity needs to be established and a direction for the future.

Front 54

Describe Erickson's stage Intimacy vs Isolation

Back 54

Occurs during young adulthood. Establishing intimate bonds love partnership/friendship to avoid isolation.

Front 55

Describe Erickson's stage Generativity vs. Stagnation

Back 55

Occurs during middle adulthood. The people one lives with and works with are most important. Person exhibits commitment to the well-being of future generations.

Front 56

Describe Erickson's Stage Basic Trust vs Mistrust

Back 56

Occurs during infancy. Positive relationship with caregiver is needed for child to develop a sense of trust and optimism.

Front 57

Describe Erickson's Stage of Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Back 57

Occurs during toddler years. Sense of self (autonomy) develops from positive interactions with caretakers

Front 58

Describe Erickson's Stage of Initiative vs. Guilt

Back 58

Occurs during early childhood. Good relationship with caregiver results in an ability to set goals and devise and carry out plans with out infringing on the rights of others.

Front 59

What are "developmental tasks"?

Back 59

These are tasks that are related to skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes that people acquire at points in their life through maturation, social expectations and personal effort.

Front 60

Why is Robert Havighurst important?

Back 60

He theorized that human development should be considered in terms of specific developmental tasks which arise at six distinct times.

Front 61

According to Havighurst Developmental Tasks are important because?

Back 61

The ease or difficulty with which individuals develop throughout life is directly related to whether a person can complete these tasks.
The sense a person has of themselves is related to whether the appropriate tasks have been completed.

Front 62

According to Havighurst some developmental tasks that occur during Infancy and Early Childhood?

Back 62

Learning to walk, Learning to eat food, Learning to talk, Potty Training, Learning Gender and modesty, Learning to speak and understand the world, Forming ideas, and beginning to read.

Front 63

According to Havighurst some developmental tasks that occur during Early Adulthood.

Back 63

Selecting a mate, Achieving a masucline or femine social role, Learning to live with a marriage partner, starting a family, rearing children, managing a home, getting started in an occupation, taking on civic responsibility, Finding a congenial social group

Front 64

According to Havighurst some developmental tasks that occur during Middle Age.

Back 64

Assisting teen-age children to become responsible adults and happy adults, achieving adult social and civic responsibility, Developing adult leisure-time activities, Relating oneself to one's spouse as a person, To accept and adjust to the physiological changes of middle age, Adjust to aging parents.

Front 65

According to Havighurst some developmental tasks that occur during Later Maturity.

Back 65

Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health, Adjusting to retirement and reduced income, Adjusting to death of a spouse, Establishing and explicit affiliation with one's age group, Adopting and adapting social roles in a flexible way,
Establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement

Front 66

Why is Arnold Gesell important?

Back 66

He created the idea of milestones which can be used to describe the typical level of development is at during a specific period.
Created Gesell Development Scale and
Gesell Development Schedule

Front 67

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur from 1 to 3 months?

Back 67

Motor/perceptual development:
sucking reflex, raise chin from ground and turn head from side to side; by month 2 child can play with fingers and some depth perception; by month 3, can distinguish between similar consonant sounds.
Social/language development:
Cries when uncomfortable,cry changes for different needs; by month 2, developed a social smile and laughs aloud and can discriminate between voices and people.

Front 68

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur from 4 to 6 months?

Back 68

Motor/perceptual development
Sits up; Holds head up and lifts shoulders; at 5 month, can support and balance head; reaches and grasps; visual ability similar to an adult's; able to distinguish between colors; at 6 months, shows fear response to "visual cliff"
Social/language development
Babbles; is able to differentiate family members from others.

Front 69

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur from 7 to 9 months?

Back 69

Motor/perceptual development
Control of trunk increases; sits alone; shows increasingly good coordination; at nine months begins crawling and creeping and stands holding onto furniture.

Front 70

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur from 10 to 12 months?

Back 70

Motor/perceptual development
Sits steadily; by 11 months, stands erect; by 12 mo. stands alone and walks with help; sees as well as an adult.
Social/language development
Is able to imitate behaviors of others; plays simple games like pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo; first words usually spoken before 12 months

Front 71

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur at 15 months?

Back 71

Motor/perceptual
Able to climb stairs; walks alone with a wide-based gait; can throw objects
Social/language development
Names familiar objects; vocalizes wants; points to desired objects; enjoys attention from others

Front 72

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur at 18 months?

Back 72

Motor/perceptual development
Walks and runs with a wide stance; at 17 months, starts walking sideways and backwards.
Social/language development
Uses about 50 words; uses one or two words to express whole phrases (telegraphic speech); has temper tantrums when things go wrong; enjoys solitary play or watching the activities of others.

Front 73

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur at 24 months?

Back 73

Motor/perceptual development
Walks with a steady gait; runs in a fairly controlled way; starts to jump; uses toilet during the day
Social/language development
Begins to speak in 3 and 4 word sentences; exhibits grammatical over-regularization (e.g. The mouse "runned" away); enjoys parallel play (no interaction with other children although the activity is the same); can cooperate and take turns; begins to direct the behavior of others (e.g. puts a toy phone to the mother's ear.)

Front 74

According to Gesell what are some developmental milestones that occur at 36 months?

Back 74

Motor/perceptual development
Walks on tiptoe; stands alone on one foot; can throw a ball 4 to 5 feet; rides a tricycle; usually completely toilet-trained
Social/language development
Has a vocabulary of about 1,000 words; talks in sentences about things; has acquired self-concept and gender identity; shows an understanding of the feelings of others.