Mlt 130 - Chem (6)

Front 1

What are tumor markers used for?

Back 1

Tumor staging

Monitor therapy

Predicting patient outcomes

Detecting cancer recurrence

Front 2

What are the ideal characteristics for tumor markers?

Back 2

Measured easily

High analytical sensitivity

High analytical specificity

Cost effective

Front 3

Where is alpha-1-fetoprotein found?

Back 3

Fetal liver

Yolk sac

Fetal GI tract

Front 4

What causes a decrease in AFP during pregnancy?

Back 4

Down syndrome

Front 5

What causes an increase of AFP in pregnancy?

Back 5

Spina bifida

Neutral tube defects

Fetal distress

Front 6

Where is carcinoembryonic antigen found?

Back 6

Epithelial cells of fetal GI tract

Front 7

What is toxicology?

Back 7

Study of adverse effects of xenobiotics in humans

Front 8

What are xenobiotics?

Back 8

Chemicals and drugs that are not normally found in the body

Front 9

What is the most common way toxins enter the body?

Back 9

Ingestion

Front 10

How do toxins enter the body?

Back 10

Ingestion

Inhalation

Transdermal absorption

Front 11

Where are most toxins absorbed in the body?

Back 11

GI tract

Front 12

What process is used to absorb toxins?

Back 12

Passive diffusion

Front 13

What must happen for a toxin to exert a systemic effect?

Back 13

Must be absorbed in circulation

Front 14

What is the principle of the dose-response relationship?

Back 14

Increase in toxic response as the dose is increased

Front 15

What is the lethal dose (LD50)?

Back 15

Dose that would predict death in 50% of the population

Front 16

What is the toxic dose (TD50)?

Back 16

50% of individuals that will experience toxic effects

Front 17

What is the effective dose (ED50)?

Back 17

Dose of drug in which 50% of treated people will receive some benefit

Front 18

What is acute toxicity?

Back 18

Single, short term exposure where the dose is sufficient to cause immediate toxic effects

Front 19

What is chronic toxicity?

Back 19

Repeated, frequent exposure to a toxin for an extended period of time

Front 20

What are the qualities of screening test for toxic agents?

Back 20

Qualitative

Sensitive

Nonspecific

Front 21

What are the qualities of confirmatory test of toxic agents?

Back 21

Quantitative

More specific

Higher cost

Front 22

What is the gold standard in toxicology testing?

Back 22

Mass spectrometry

Front 23

What samples are examined in toxicology?

Back 23

Urine

Blood

Meconium

Hair

Nails

Tears

Sweat

Front 24

What is the most widely used sample for drug testing?

Back 24

Urine

Front 25

What samples are used to obtain information of drug consumption over a long period of time?

Back 25

Hair

Nails

Front 26

What are the classes of alcohol?

Back 26

Ethanol

Methanol

Isopropanol

Ethylene glycol

Front 27

How is ethanol metabolized?

Back 27

Converted to acetaldehyde

Front 28

What does ethanol test for?

Back 28

Acetaldehyde

Front 29

What part of the body is most affected by ethanol?

Back 29

Liver

Front 30

Chronic exposure of ethanol leads to?

Back 30

Hepatitis

Cirrhosis

Front 31

Which lab values are increased with alcohol abuse?

Back 31

GGT

AST

HDL

MCV

Front 32

What samples are used to measure ethanol?

Back 32

Blood

Urine

Front 33

What test methodology is used in ethanol testing?

Back 33

Enzymatic methods measuring acetaldehyde

Front 34

How is methanol metabolized?

Back 34

Converted to formaldehyde

Front 35

Excess formaldehyde can cause?

Back 35

Severe acidosis

Front 36

What lab test are useful for detecting methanol intoxication?

Back 36

Renal tests

Osmolality

Amylase

Methanol

Front 37

What methodology is used to test for methanol?

Back 37

GC-MS

Front 38

How is isopropanol metabolized?

Back 38

Converted to acetone

Front 39

What sample is used to detect acetone?

Back 39

Urine

Front 40

What are the most common sedative hypnotics abused?

Back 40

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

Front 41

How long can PCP be detected in chronic users?

Back 41

7-30 days after abstinence

Front 42

What does heroin metabolize into?

Back 42

6-acetylmorphine

Front 43

Cocaine overdose can lead to?

Back 43

Myocardial infarction

Front 44

What substance is detected for cocaine use?

Back 44

Benzoylecgonine

Front 45

How long is benzoylecgonine detectable in chronic cocaine users?

Back 45

Detected in urine up to 20 days after last use

Front 46

How long is benzoylecgonine detectable after single cocaine use?

Back 46

Detected in urine up to 3 days after use

Front 47

What is the primary metabolite of cocaine?

Back 47

Benzoylecgonine

Front 48

How does cocaine affect the body?

Back 48

CNS simulator

Front 49

What test is used to screen for marijuana?

Back 49

THC-COOH immunoassays

Front 50

What is the confirmatory test methodology for marijuana?

Back 50

GC-MS

Front 51

What is the major urinary metabolite of THC?

Back 51

THC-COOH

Front 52

How long is THC detectable in urine?

Back 52

5 days after single use

4 weeks following chronic use

Front 53

What is the most abundant and potent cannabinoid?

Back 53

Tetrahydrocannabinol

THC

Front 54

What analytical method are used to test for drugs of abuse?

Back 54

Immunoassays

Thin-layer chromatography

Liquid and gas chromatography

Front 55

How does amphetamines affect the body?

Back 55

Psychomotor stimulant

Front 56

What compounds are related to amphetamines?

Back 56

Ephedrine

Pseudoephedrine

Front 57

Ecstasy is what type of drug?

Back 57

Amphetamines

Front 58

How does acetaminophen affect the body?

Back 58

Causes hepatotoxicity

Front 59

What toxic effects does salicylate have?

Back 59

Acid-base disturbance

Inhibits Krebs cycle

Mobilize fatty acids

Front 60

What part of the body has the largest accumulation of lead?

Back 60

Bones

Front 61

What hematological findings are indicative of lead poisoning?

Back 61

Anemia

Basophilic stippling

Front 62

What substance is used to test for lead toxicity?

Back 62

Zinc protoporphyrin

Front 63

Where does cadmium accumulate in the body?

Back 63

Kidneys

Front 64

What is the most common route of mercury exposure?

Back 64

Ingestion of contaminated food

Front 65

How does mercury affect the body?

Back 65

Binds to and changes the structure of proteins and enzymes

Front 66

How does cadmium affect the body?

Back 66

Binds to proteins and changes its structure and function

Front 67

What is the test methodology used for mercury?

Back 67

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Front 68

What is the specimen type for mercury?

Back 68

Whole blood

24hr urine

Front 69

How does arsenic affect the body?

Back 69

Binds to proteins changing the structure and function

Front 70

What is the test methodology used for arsenic?

Back 70

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Front 71

What is the specimen of choice for short term exposure to arsenic?

Back 71

Urine

Front 72

What is the specimen of choice for long term exposure to arsenic?

Back 72

Hair

Nails

Front 73

Mee's lines in nails is caused by?

Back 73

Arsenic poisoning

Front 74

How does cyanide induce toxicity?

Back 74

Binds to heme iron

Front 75

What substance is a common suicide agent?

Back 75

Cyanide

Front 76

What is the specimen type for carbon monoxide testing?

Back 76

Whole blood

Front 77

How does carbon monoxide induce toxicity?

Back 77

Decreases oxygen to tissue

Hypoxia

Front 78

What are the sources of carbon monoxide?

Back 78

Gasoline engine

Improperly ventilated furnaces

Wood or plastic fires

Front 79

Consumption of ethylene glycol results in?

Back 79

Metabolic acidosis

Calcium oxalate crystals