Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
400 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bacteria |
one-celled microorganisms with both plant and animal characteristics |
|
Parasite |
a type of pathogenic bacteria |
|
Saprophytes |
a type of bacteria that lives on dead matter |
|
Spirilla |
syphilis and Lyme disease are caused by |
|
Cocci |
- round shape - rarely show active mobility |
|
Spirilla |
- corkscrew shape - capable of movement |
|
Bacilli |
- rod shaped - capable of movement |
|
Streptococci |
bacteria that are arranged like a string of beads and cause strep throat and blood poisoning |
|
Mycobacterium fortuitum |
the bacteria that caused concern in 2000 in the pedicure industry |
|
Flagella |
slender, hair-like extensions with which certain bacteria move about |
|
Mitosis |
bacteria cells reproduce by dividing into two new cells |
|
Spores |
during their inactive stage, certain bacteria such as anthrax and tetanus bacilli, form _______. |
|
Fungi |
molds, mildews, and yeast |
|
Staphylococci |
pus forming bacteria that grow in clusters like grapes |
|
Diplococci |
grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia |
|
Binary fission |
occurs when bacteria reach their largest size, and divide into two new cells called daughter cells. |
|
Tinea barbae |
a fungal infection also known as barber's itch |
|
Tinea capitis |
a fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules, or sports, at the opening of hair follicles |
|
Tinea pedis |
a ringworm fungus of the foot |
|
Communicable |
transmitted from one person to another |
|
Hepatitis |
a disease marked by inflammation of the liver |
|
Acquired Immune Defeciency Syndrome (AIDS) |
breaks down the body's immune system |
|
Virus |
a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in the cells of a biological organism |
|
Parasites |
organisms that grow, feed, and shelter on or in another organism (host) while contributing nothing to the survival of that organism (ex. head lice) |
|
Scabies |
a contagious skin disease caused by the itch mite, which burrows under the skin |
|
Decontamination |
removing pathogens and other substances fro tools or surfaces |
|
Contaminated |
surface of tools or other objects that are not free form dirt, oil, and microbes |
|
Once a day |
The solution used in a wet sanitizer should be changed... |
|
Ultraviolet (UV) sanitizers |
useful for storing disinfected implements |
|
Sanitation |
the third or lowest level of decontamination (washing hands) |
|
Twenty seconds |
the minimum amount of time for washing hands |
|
Nonporous surfaces |
surfaces that may be disinfected |
|
Sodium hypochlorite |
technical name for bleach |
|
Formalin |
a product that is not considered safe for salon use because it causes a number of health problems |
|
After each client |
how often foot spas should be disinfected |
|
Every two weeks |
how often foot spas should be filled with a disinfectant and left over night |
|
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATS) |
effectively disinfects implements in ten minutes |
|
Phenolic disinfectants |
- form of formaldehyde - high pH - can damage plastics, rubber, and rust metals |
|
Sterilization |
the only level of decontamination that kills bacterial spores |
|
OSHA |
created to regulate and enforce safety and health standards |
|
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) |
important information for products such as storage requirements |
|
Universal precautions |
the guidelines and controls that require employer and employee to assume that all human blood and fluids are infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens |
|
Exposure Incident |
1. Stop the service 2. Put on gloves 3. Stop bleeding by applying pressure 4. Clean the injured area with an antiseptic 5. Bandage the cut 6. Clean work area using disinfectant 8. Before removing gloves, make sure all multiuse tools are immersed in disinfectant 9. Remove gloves. Seal in double bag. Wash hands. 10. Recommend the client see a physician if any signs of swelling, pain, or irritation occurs |
|
Physiology |
the study of the functions and activities performed by the body structures |
|
Anatomy |
the study of body structures that can be seen with the naked eye |
|
Histology |
the science of the minute structures of organic tissues |
|
Cell |
basic unit of all living things |
|
Protoplasm |
a colorless jellylike substance containing food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, an water |
|
Cytoplasm |
the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus |
|
Cell membrane |
a structure that encloses the protoplasm |
|
Nucleus |
the dense protoplasm found in the center of the cell |
|
Anabolism |
constructive metabolism in which molecules are built from smaller ones |
|
Catabolism |
the phase of metabolism in which complex compounds are broken down into smaller ones |
|
Metabolism |
is a chemical process that takes place in living organisms, through which cell are nourished and carry out their activities |
|
60 to 90 percent |
Body tissues are composed of ______ percent water |
|
Connective tissue |
fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body |
|
Adipose tissue |
technical term for fat |
|
Epithelial tissue |
a protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands. |
|
Muscle tissue |
contracts and moves various parts of the body |
|
Nerve tissue |
carries messages to and from the brin |
|
206 bones |
the skeletal system is composed of _____ |
|
Osteology |
the study of the anatomy, structure, and function of bones |
|
Joint |
the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton; they are either movable or nonmovable |
|
Cranium |
an oval, bony case that protects the brain |
|
Facial skeleton |
the framework of the face that is composed of 14 bones |
|
Occipital bone |
the hindmost bone, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape |
|
Parietal bones |
form the sides and top of the cranium |
|
Temporal bones |
form the sides of the head in the ear region |
|
Ethmoid bone |
light, spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities |
|
Sphenoid bone |
joins all of the bones in the cranium together |
|
Ethmoid and sphenoid bone |
not affected when performing services of massage |
|
Nasal bones |
form the bridge of the nose |
|
Lacrimal bones |
small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits |
|
Zygomatic bones |
aka malar or cheek bones; form the prominence of the cheeks |
|
Maxillae |
bones of the upper jaw |
|
Mandible |
lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face |
|
Hyoid bone |
u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles |
|
Cervical vertebrae |
the seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column located in the neck region |
|
Thorax |
chest or pulmonary trunk, consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae |
|
Ribs |
the twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax |
|
Scapula |
the shoulder blade, or large,flat, triangular bone of the shoulder |
|
Sternum |
the breastbone, or the flat bone that forms the ventral support of the ribs |
|
Clavicle |
the collarbone, or the bone that joins the sternum and scapula |
|
Humerus |
the uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending form the elbow to the shoulder |
|
Ulna |
the inner and larger bone in the forearm, located on the side of the little finger. |
|
Radius |
the smaller bone in the forearm on the side of the thumb |
|
Carpus |
the wrist, composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones held together by ligaments |
|
Metacarpus |
the bones of the palm of the hand, containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges |
|
Phalanges |
or digits; the bones of the fingers or toes |
|
Femur |
the heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee |
|
Tibia |
the larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee (the bump on the big toe side of the ankle) |
|
Fibula |
the smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee (the bump on the little toe side of the ankle) |
|
Patella |
the accessory bone or kneecap |
|
Talus |
ankle bone |
|
26 bones |
the foot is made up of |
|
Metatarsal |
long, slender bones similar to the metacarpal of the hand |
|
Myology |
the study of the structure, function, and diseases of the muscles |
|
40 percent |
Muscles make up about _____ of the body's weight |
|
Striated muscles |
attached to bones and are voluntary or consciously controlled |
|
Nonstriated muscles |
involuntary muscles that function automatically without conscious will; found in internal organs |
|
Cardiac muscles |
involuntary muscles of the heart |
|
Origin |
the part of the muscle that does not move and is closest to the skeleton |
|
Belly |
the middle part of the mscle |
|
Insertion |
the part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton |
|
insertion to originl |
Pressure in massage is usually directed from |
|
Epicranius |
muscle that covers the top of the skull |
|
Occipitalis |
back portion of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backwards |
|
Frontalis |
front portion of the epicranius; muscle that raises the scalp backwards |
|
Epicranial aponeurosis |
the tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles |
|
auricularis superior |
muscle above the ear that draws it upwards |
|
auricularis anterior |
muscle in front of the ear that draws it forward |
|
auricularis posterior |
muscle behind the ear that draws it backward |
|
masseter and temporalis |
chewing muscles |
|
buccinators muscle |
thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw; expels air between the lips |
|
depressor labii inferioris muscle |
the muscle surrounding the lower lip; lowers the lip and draws it to one side |
|
Levator anguli oris muscle |
raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inwards |
|
levator labii superioris muscle |
surrounds the upper lip and dilates the ostrils |
|
mentalis muscle |
elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin |
|
Orbicularis oris muscle |
flat band of muscle around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips |
|
risorius muscle |
draws the corner of the mouth out and back |
|
triangularis muscle |
pulls down the corner of the mouth |
|
zygomaticus major & minor muscles |
smiling |
|
orbicularis oculi muscle |
ring muscle around the eyesockets; closes eyes |
|
corrugator muscle |
the muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically |
|
Procerus muscle |
covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose |
|
Extensors |
straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line |
|
Flexor |
the muscle of the wrist |
|
Pronator |
muscle that turns the hand inward |
|
Supinator |
muscle that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward |
|
Adbductors |
draw the fingers away from each other |
|
Adductors |
the muscles that draw the fingers together |
|
Extensor digitorum longus |
bends the foot up and extends the toes |
|
Extensor halluces longus |
extends the big toe and flexes the foot |
|
Tibialis anterior |
covers the front of the shin; bends the foot upward and inward |
|
Peroneus longus |
covers the outer side of the calf and inverts the foot and turns it outward |
|
Peroneus brevis |
originates on the lower surface of the fibular and bends the foot down and out |
|
Gastrocnemius |
attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and pulls the foot down |
|
Soleus |
originates at the upper portion of the fibula and bends the foot down |
|
Latissimus dorsi |
large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back |
|
Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor |
muscles of the chest that assist swinging movements of the arm |
|
Serratus anterior |
muscles of the chest that assists in breathing and raising the arm |
|
Trapezius |
the muscle that covers the back of the neck and the upper and middle region of the back |
|
Bicep |
the muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm |
|
Deltoid |
large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint |
|
Tricep |
large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm |
|
Circulatory system |
controls the steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels |
|
Blood vascular system |
consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries |
|
Lymph ascular system |
consists of the lymph, lymphatics, lymph nodes, and other structures |
|
Lymph |
carries waste and impurities away from the cells |
|
Four valves |
The interior of the heart contains four chambers and ______________. |
|
72-80 bpm |
The normal heartbeat rate in a resting state is _______. |
|
Arteries |
carry oxygenated blood away from heart to capillaries |
|
Capillaries |
connect smaller arteries to the veins; bring nutrients to the cells and carry away waste materials |
|
Veins |
carry blood containing waste products from capillaries back to the heart |
|
8 to 10 |
the number of pints of blood in the human body |
|
80 percent |
Blood is about ____ percent water |
|
Red blood cells |
carry oxygen to the body cells |
|
White blood cells |
destroy disease-causing germs |
|
Platelets |
contribute to the blood clotting process |
|
Plasma |
carries food and secretions to the cells and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells |
|
Common carotid arteries |
main source of blood supply to the head, face, and neck |
|
Internal and external jugular |
two principal veins on each side of the neck |
|
Aorta |
largest artery in the body |
|
Hemoglobin |
the iron protein that gives blood its bright red color |
|
Endocrine system |
comprises of glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the body |
|
Glands |
specialized organs that remove certain elements from the blood and convert them into new compounds |
|
Hormones |
insulin, adrenaline, and estrogen |
|
Excretory system |
purifies the body by eliminating waste matter |
|
Diaphragm |
muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region |
|
Integumentary system |
consists of the skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails |
|
Primary function of the nervous system |
coordinating all the many activities that are performed both inside and outside of the body |
|
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
principle components of the nervous system |
|
Central nervous or cerebrospinal system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system |
Three main subdivisions of the nervous system |
|
Central nervous system |
spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves |
|
Autonomic nervous system |
controls the involuntary muscles, such as the glands, blood vessels, and heart |
|
Peripheral nervous system |
carries impulses, or messages, to and from the central nervous system |
|
Brain |
the largest and most complex nerve tissue in the body |
|
Neuron |
nerve cell |
|
Dendrites |
nerve fibers that receive impulses from the other neurons |
|
Axon |
sends impulses away form the cell body to other neurons, glands, or muscles |
|
Motor or efferent nerves |
carry impulses from the brain to the muscles |
|
Sensory or afferent nerves |
carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain |
|
Fifth cranial nerve |
trifacial or trigeminal nerve |
|
Smaller occipital nerve |
affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear |
|
Greater auricular nerve |
affects the face, ears, neck, and parotid gland |
|
Greater occipital |
affects the scalp as far up as the top of the head |
|
Cervical cutaneous |
affects the front and sides of the neck as far down as the breastbone |
|
COHNS |
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
|
Oxidation |
chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide |
|
Oxidation-reduction |
or redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized |
|
Reduction |
chemical process by which oxygen is subtracted form or hydrogen is added to a substance |
|
Exothermic reaction |
occurs when heat is released |
|
Pure substance |
a chemical combination of matter in definite or fixed proportions |
|
Physical combination |
a mixture of matter in any proportion |
|
Solution |
a blend of two or more liquids or a solid dissolved in a liquid |
|
Solute |
the dissolved substance in a solutionS |
|
Solvent |
the substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution with no change in chemical composition |
|
Miscible liquids |
mutually soluble |
|
Immiscible liquids |
not capable of being mixd |
|
Suspension |
solid particles distributed in a liquid medium, tending to separate over time |
|
Emulsion |
a mixture of two or more immiscible substances |
|
Emulsifier |
an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together |
|
Hydrophilic |
water loving; head |
|
Lipophilic |
oil loving; tail |
|
Ion |
an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge |
|
Anion |
negative |
|
Cation |
positive |
|
Carbon |
organic chemistry studies substances that contain _____ |
|
90 |
There are about ____ naturally occurring eleents |
|
6.5 to 7.5 |
neutral pH range |
|
Direct current |
a constant, even flowing current that travels in one direction |
|
Alternating current |
a rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and then the opposite |
|
Volt |
pressure or force |
|
Ohm |
resistance of an electric current |
|
Amp |
strength of an electric current |
|
Watt |
how much energy is being used per second |
|
Fuse |
prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit |
|
Circuit breaker |
automatically interrupts an electric circuit at the first indication of overload |
|
Electrotherapy |
electronic facial treatments |
|
Modalities |
various currents used in facial and scalp traetments |
|
Polarity |
negative or positive pole of an electric currentAnode |
|
Anode |
positive |
|
Cathode |
negative |
|
Desincrustation |
softens and emulsifies grease deposits and blackheads in the hair follicle (acne, milia, and comedones) |
|
Cataphoresis |
forces acidic substances into deeper tissues from the positive toward the negative pole |
|
Iontophorresis |
introduces water soluble products into the skin |
|
Anaphoresis |
forces liquids into tissues from the negative toward the positive pole |
|
Tesla high-frequency current |
a thermal or heat-producing current (aka violet ray) |
|
Wavelength |
the distance between the peaks of two successive waves of electromagnetic radiation |
|
35 percent |
Visible light makes up ____ of natural sunlight |
|
Violet |
shortest wavelength |
|
Red |
longest wavelength |
|
Vitamin D |
natural sunlight produces _______ |
|
Hair follicle |
tube-like depression in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root |
|
Hair bulb |
thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root |
|
Dermal papilla |
small, cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle; provides nutrients |
|
Arrector pili |
involuntary muscle fiber in the skin; responsible for goose bumps |
|
Sebaceous glands |
oil glands that are connected to the hair follicles |
|
Sebum |
an oily substance which lubricates the hair and skin |
|
Cuticle |
outermost layer of hair; single layer of transparent, scale-like cells that overlap |
|
Cortex |
middle layer of hair; fibrous protein core formed by elongated cells; contains melanin pigment |
|
Medulla |
innermost layer of hair; composed of round cells |
|
Keratinization |
the process during which newly formed cells in the hair mature |
|
90 percent |
Hair is _______ protein. |
|
Amino acids |
units of structure that build proteins |
|
Peptide bonds or end bonds |
chemical bonds that link two amino acids |
|
Polypeptide chain |
a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; helix shaped |
|
Hydrogen bonds |
physical side bonds that are easily broken by water or heat |
|
Salt bonds |
weak, temporary cross-links that can be broken by changes in pH |
|
Disulfide bonds |
chemical bonds that join the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids; only broken by permanent waves |
|
Eumelanin |
brown/black color |
|
Pheomelanin |
yellow/red color |
|
Vellus (lanugo) hair |
short, fine, downy, and unpigmented hair found on areas of the body considered to be hairless |
|
Terminal hair |
long, thick, pigmented hair |
|
Anagen |
growing phase |
|
Catagen |
transition phase |
|
Telogen |
resting phase |
|
Androgenetic alopecia |
the progressive shrinking or miniaturization of terminal hair, converting it to vellus hair. Known as male pattern baldness in men. |
|
Alopecia areata |
sudden hair loss in round or irregular patches |
|
Canities |
gray hair |
|
Ringed hair |
alternating bands of gray and dark hair |
|
Hypertrichosis (hirsuties) |
superfluous hair; characterized by growth of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally only grow vellus hair |
|
Trichoptilosis |
split ends |
|
Trichorrhexis nodosa |
formation of nodular swellings along the shaft |
|
Monilethrix |
beaded hair |
|
Fragilitas crinium |
brittle hair |
|
Pityriasis |
dandruff |
|
Pityriasis capitis simplex |
characterized by a dry, itchy scalp and small white scales; caused by a fungus called malassezia |
|
Pityriasis steatoides |
greasy or waxy dandruff |
|
Tinea |
ringworm |
|
Tinea favosa |
dry, sulfur-yellow, cuplike crusts on the scalp called scutula; gives off an odor |
|
Furuncle |
boil; an acute staphylococci infection of a hair follicle that produces constant pain |
|
Carbuncle |
an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci, larger than a furuncle |
|
Hair texture |
thickness or diameter of the individual hair strands (coarse, medium, fine) |
|
Hair density |
the number of strands within one square inch |
|
Porosity |
ability of the hair to absorb moisture |
|
Elasticity |
ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking |
|
Hair stream |
hair flowing in the same direction |
|
Whorl |
hair forms in a circular pattern |
|
Cowlick |
a tuft of hair that stands straight up |
|
Line/direction |
defines form and space |
|
Horizontal lines |
create width |
|
Vertical lines |
create length and height |
|
Diagonal lines |
emphasize or minimize facial features or create interest |
|
Curved lines |
soften a design |
|
Wave |
curved lines repeating in opposite directions |
|
Form |
mass or general outline of a hairstyle (volume) |
|
Space |
the area surrounding the form or the area the hairstyle occupies |
|
Texture |
refers to wave patterns |
|
Smooth wave patterns |
accent the face or narrow a round head shape |
|
Curly wave patterns |
take attention away from the face or soften square/rectangular features |
|
Light and warm colors |
create the illusion of volume |
|
Dark and cool colors |
recede or move in toward the head |
|
Balance |
establishing equal or appropriate proportions to create symmetry |
|
Rhythm |
a regular or recurrent pattern of movement in a design |
|
Emphasis |
or focus; what draws the eye first |
|
Harmony |
the creation of unity in a design; holds all the elements of the design together |
|
Round face |
height or volume on top and closeness or no volume at the sides |
|
Square face |
create volume in the area between the temples and jaw |
|
Triangular face
|
volume at the temples and some height on top |
|
Oblong face |
add volume on sides; no height on top |
|
Base sections |
subsections of a panel based on size of the roller |
|
Croquignole method |
hair is wrapped from ends to scalp |
|
Spiral technique |
hair is wrapped at an angle to form a coil |
|
Alkaline solutions |
soften and swell the hair and open the cuticle |
|
Reduction |
breaks disulfide bonds in the cortex |
|
Thioglycolic acid |
causes reduction in perm solutions |
|
Ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) |
the main ingredient in alkaline perms |
|
Alkaline waves |
pH between 9.0 and 9.6 |
|
True acid waves |
pH of 4.5 to 7.0 (requires heat) |
|
Acid-balanced waves |
pH of 7.8 to 8.2 |
|
Exothermic waves |
a chemical reaction heats the solution and speeds processing |
|
Endothermic waves |
activated by outside heat source |
|
Neutralization |
stops the action of the waving solution and rebuilds the hair into its new curly form |
|
Thio relaxers |
main ingredient is ammonium thioglycolate (ATG); usually has a pH above 10 |
|
Hydroxide relaxers |
ex. sodium, potassium, lithium, or guanidine hydroxide; has a pH of 13.0 or more, lanthionization (a sulfur atom is removed from a disulfide bond and converted into a lanthionine bond) |
|
Sodium hydroxide relaxers |
lye-based; oldest and most common |
|
Lithium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide relaxers |
no-mix, no-lye relaxers |
|
Law of color |
a system for understanding color relationships; when combining colors, you will always get the same result from the same combination |
|
|
|
|
Temporary color |
easily shampoos form the hair; does not penetrate cuticle layer |
|
Semipermanent color |
adds subtle color; tones prelightened hair; stains cuticle layer; non-oxidizing |
|
Demipermanent color |
blends gray hair; enhances natural color; tones hair; refreshes faded color; filler in color correction |
|
Permanent color |
changes existing color; covers gray |
|
Gradual haircolor |
or metallic; contains metal salts that change the hair color gradually |
|
Natural haircolor |
or vegetable/henna; made from leaves or bark; weak results |
|
Hydrogen peroxide developers |
oxidizing agents or catalysts; pH between 2.5 and 4.5 |
|
Epidermis |
or cuticle skin; outermost layer; the thinnest, forms protective covering, contains no blood vessels, and has nerve endings |
|
Dermis |
or derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; inner layer of the skin |
|
Stratum corneum |
horny, outermost layer |
|
Stratum lucidum |
clear, transparent layer |
|
Stratum granulosum |
granular layer |
|
Stratum spinosum |
Spiny layer |
|
Stratum germinativum |
basal cell layer; deepest layer; contains melanin |
|
Papillary layer |
outer layer; contains small cone-shaped projections (papillae) and nerve fiber endings |
|
Reticular layer |
supplies skin with oxygen and nutrients |
|
Subcutaneous tissue |
or adipose tissue; gives contour to the body and contains fats for energy |
|
Collagen |
a fibrous protein that allows skin to stretch and contract |
|
Elastin |
a protein base that forms elastic tissue |
|
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands |
regulates body temperature and helps eliminate waste |
|
Sebaceous (oil) glands |
secretes sebum that lubricates skin and preserves softness of hair |
|
Healthy |
Skin that is slightly moist, soft, flexible, smooth, and slightly acidic |
|
Bulla |
blister containing watery fluid |
|
Cyst |
closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid or pus |
|
Macule |
small, discolored spot or patch such as freckles that are neither raised or sunken |
|
Nodule |
a solid bump larger than .4 inches that can be easily felt |
|
Papule |
or pimple; elevation of the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus |
|
Pustule |
raised, inflamed pimple |
|
Tubercle |
abnormal rounded, solid lump |
|
Tumor |
abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive multiplication of cells |
|
Vesicle |
small blister with clear fluid |
|
Wheal |
an itchy, swollen lesion (hives) |
|
crust |
dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing (scab) |
|
Excoriation |
skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping |
|
Fissure |
a crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis (chapped lips) |
|
Keloid |
a thick scar from excessive growth of fibrous tissue |
|
Scale |
a thin plate of epidermal flakes |
|
Scar or cicatrix |
a light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin |
|
Ulcer |
an open lesion with pus |
|
Milia |
benign, keratin-filled cysts |
|
Seborrheic dermatitis |
the inflammation of the sebaceous glands |
|
Rosacea |
chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks and nose |
|
Anhidrosis |
lack of perspiration |
|
Bromidrosis or Osmidrosis |
foul-smelling perspiration |
|
Hyperhidrosis |
excessive perspiration |
|
Conjuctivitis |
pink eye |
|
Dermatitis |
an inflammatory skin condition |
|
Eczema |
acute, chronic lesions (dry or moist) |
|
Impetigo |
weeping lesions |
|
Psoriasis |
common, chronic, inflammatory skin disease |
|
Albinism |
the absence of melanin pigment |
|
Chloasma |
increased pigment in spots |
|
Lentigines |
freckles |
|
Leucoderma |
light, abnormal patches |
|
Basal cell carcinoma |
the most common type of skin cancer and the least severe; characterized by light or pearly nodules |
|
Squamous cell carcinoma |
characterized by scaly red papules or nodules (skin cancer) |
|
Malignant melanoma |
the most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by black or dark brown patches |
|
Intrinsic skin aging factors |
genetic aging, gravity, and facial expressions |
|
Gommages |
cream products that are rubbed off, removing dead skin cells through friction |
|
Onyx |
technical term for nails |
|
1/10 of an inch |
average growth of a nail per month |
|
Eggshell nails |
noticeably thin, white plate and are more flexible than normal |
|
Beau's lines |
furrows or depressions that run across the width of the nail |
|
Hangnail |
a condition in which the living skin splits around the nail |
|
Leukonychia |
white spots; whitish discoloration of nails, usually caused by injury to the base of nail or nail matrix |
|
Melanonychia |
indicated by darkening of nails; caused by localized area of increased pigment cells |
|
Onychophagy |
bitten nails |
|
Onychorrhexis |
split or brittle nails with lengthwise ridges; caused by injury to matrix |
|
Plicatured nail |
a highly curved nail plate; caused by injury or heredity |
|
Nail pterygium |
abnormal damage to the eponychium or hyponychium that occur when skin is stretched by the nail plate |
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
bacterial infections that cause discoloration of the nail |
|
yellow-green |
nail infections start out as ________ spots |
|
Onychosis |
any deformity or disease of the nail |
|
Onychia |
inflammation of the nail matrix with formation of pus and shedding of the nail |
|
Onychocryptosis |
ingrown nails |
|
Onycholysis |
lifting of the nail plate without shedding |
|
Onychomadesis |
separation and falling off of a nail from the nail bed |
|
Nail psoriasis |
causes tiny pits or severe roughness on the surface of the nail plate |
|
Paronychia |
bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail |
|
Pyogenic granuloma |
severe inflammation of the nail in which a lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate |