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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Local Applications |
fast changing, and because they are fast changing, they are |
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Model for describing organizational IT |
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IT Components layer |
Includes the technology components - computers, printers, operating systems, etc. |
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Human IT Infrastructure layer |
Consists of experts' knowledge, skills, experience, and standard to "bind" IT components into services that people can understand |
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Shared IT Services layer |
the services that users can draw upon and share to conduct business; examples: websites, wireless apps, firewalls, data processing facilities, etc. |
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Shared and Standard IT Applications |
Top of the IT infrastructure and include stable applications such as accounting, budgeting, and HR |
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Social Informatics |
A body of research that examines the social aspects of computerization - Understanding the impact technology - The development of new uses for technology - Informatics is the interdisciplinary study of the design, application, use and impacts of information technology |
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Knowledge |
Actionable information, allows us to reduce what we need to know |
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Network |
Enables knowledge, Examples: Business, the Government, Media, Museums, etc. |
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Information Overload |
Not a new cultural condition and was a concern well before the internet, the web, and other digital technologies. Information overload is the result of filter failure. |
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The First Machine Age |
Industrial Revolution, late 18th century, developments in mechanical engineering, chemistry, metallurgy, etc. Steam engine technology replaced muscle power. Progress is driven by technology for the first time. Challenges associated with the First Machine Age included pollution and child labor. |
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The Second Machine Age |
(Our current digital age): Computer and digital advances. Technology is replacing mental power. This is a move into new territory. Challenges associated with the Second Machine Age include the difference between special skills and ordinary skills, as well as the "right" education. |
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Hardware |
includes the physical elements of the computing system. |
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Software |
includes the programs that provides the instructions for the computer to execute |
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Internet |
Vast, uncontrolled but standards-compliant networks of computer (and the network itself with routers, hubs, edge switches, LANs, WANs, MANs and so on) that is available almost anywhere in the world. Basically, when you sign on the Internet, you become a part of it. |
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WWW |
(World Wide Web, W3, web) A collection of online "documents" on Internet servers worldwide. WWW documents are written in HTML. In order to use the WWW, you must have a WWW browser. |
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Web 1.0 |
Involves passive content consumption of online materials. Mostly the read-only web. |
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Web 2.0 |
a perceived or proposed second generation of the web. This is where the web has evolved and improved over time and now offers better and more up to date services like blogs, wiki's, social networking sites etc. |
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Seven Principles of Web 2.0 |
- Web as platform - Harnessing collective intelligence - Rich user experiences - Data is the next Intel inside - Lightweight programming models - Software above the level of a single service - End of the software release cycle - Core competencies of Web 2.0 companies |
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Web 3.0 |
Referring to third generation of Internet-based services that collectively comprise what might be called 'the intelligent Web,' such as those semantic web, microformats, natural language search, data-mining, machine learning, recommendation agents, and artificial intelligence technologies, and which emphasize machine-facilitated understanding of information |
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The Semantic Web |
- Expressing meaning - bringing structure to the meaningful content of the web - Knowledge representation - Ontologies - collections of information - Agents - Evolution of knowledge |
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Social Networks |
link people in one way or another through available technologies. Social network tools are commonly thought of as Web 2.0 technologies |
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Cloud Computing |
enables individuals to access digital infrastructure, platforms, and application from any device |
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Significant aspects of Vannevar Bush's Memex |
- It described "collaborative hypertext" for the first time - It focused on individual use with private files and the precursor to the digitized library - It predicted the ability to sit at a desktop, find resource materials in researching a topic (the English long bow), project them on a screen, the ability to analyze them and add comments of one's own - The Memex is generally considered to be the prototype for the WWW |
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Emerging Technology Innovations |
- Intelligent personal assistants - Language translation - Digital sensors - Supercomputers (think Watson) - Robots - 3D Printers - Wearable devices |
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Information |
- Knowledge, that is, information exists in the context of understanding or meaning - Information is facts that are known to be true - Information is evaluated, validated, or useful data |
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Data |
string of identified but unevaluated symbols; we said descriptive but unstructured, unpurposed. |
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Information |
Evaluated, validated, or useful data; we said purposed, structured. |
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Knowledge |
Information in the context of understanding; we said allowing action or capacity for action |
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Baldwin Effect |
responding to change through use of (tacitly held) acquired knowledge |
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Characteristics of Authority of Sources |
- Trustworthiness - Credible - Reliable - Scholarly/ Academic/ Professional - Official - Authoritative |
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Navigation |
- Geocentric - Egocentric |
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Noosphere |
Sphere of human though from Teilhard de Chardin. A metaphor and the web could be thought of as an artificial noosphere. |
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Information Retriveal |
the process and study of searching for documents, for information within documents, and for metadata about documents. |
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Measures of Information Retrieval Effectiveness |
- Precision - Recall |
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Modern information retrieval |
Marcia Bates' model |
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Moore's Law |
Observation made in 1965 that the number of transistors on a chip will double approximately every two years |
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Mooer's Law |
An information retrieval system will tend not to be used whenever it is more painful and troublesome for a customer to have information than for him not to have it. |
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Recall |
(Sensitivity) is the fraction of relevant instances that are retrieved |
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Precision vs. Recall |
Both based on an understanding and measure of relevance. Example: Search engine finds 30 pages but only 20 are relevant while failing to find 40 additional relevant pages. Precision = 20/30 Recall = 20/60 |
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Information overload |
the result of publishing barriers being removed and access to new information. Conditions and productivity problems are noted as side effects of information overload. |
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Paradox of Choice |
We like the choices we have available to us, but all the choices we have available to us lead to bad decisions, anxiety, stress, dissatisfaction and even clinical depression. |
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Open Source Movement |
- To make information open and accessible to all - Richard Stallman's idea - "information is free" - Linus Torvalds developed Linux, a free alternative to Microsoft's operating systems and Unix |
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Information Architecture |
- Design of shared information environments - Practice of organizing and identifying websites, documents and other web resources to allow usability and findability - Structured process for applying design principles |
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Information Organization & Classification |
Information can be organized and classified through taxonomies, ontologies, and folksonomies. |
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Taxonomy |
Structured categorization of ideas and objects into parent/child relationships with single root nodes sitting atop all categories. Can be polyhierarchial. |
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Ontology |
Taxonomy with inference rules. Example is Resource Description Framework (RDF). Subject, relationship, object. |
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Folksonomy |
A user generated taxonomy used to categorize and retrieve web content such as Web pages, photographs, and Web links, using open-ended labels called tags. Tagging is intended to make a body of information increasingly easy to search, discover, and navigate over time. |
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Metadata |
Data about data |
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The Semantic Web |
a collaborative movement led by international standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Promotes common data formats on the WWW. |
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Spimes |
RFID chip in a candy bar |
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Top-down Information Architecture |
Developing a broad understanding of the business strategies and user needs, before defining the high level structure of site, and finally the detailed relationships between content |
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Bottom-up Information Architecture |
Understanding the detailed relationships between content, creating walkthroughs (or storyboards) to show how the system could support specific user requirements and then considering the higher level structure that will be required to support these requirements. |
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Categories that make an object a: DOCUMENT |
- Intention - Process - Perception - Indexing |
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Information Challenges |
- Language representation (words, language, classification) - People |
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Push and Pull |
Pull - we seek out information
Push - information comes to us |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 1 |
Identify Keywords and phrases common to your product and integrate these words into webpage text |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 2 |
Keep it simple |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 3 |
Less flash, dropdown menus, etc. anything that visually distracts from finding information |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 4 |
Keep code simple |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 5 |
Create direct links to most popular pages |
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Search Engine Optimization (SEO):
STEP 6 |
Incorporate RSS feeds |
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Precision |
Also called Positive Predictive Value - is the fraction of retrieved instances that are relevant |
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Blog aka Weblog |
A web-based publication consisting primarily of periodic articles (normally in reverse chronological order). When compared to an RSS feed, you go to the blog content (pull); RSS feeds bring the content to you (push). |
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Intertwingularity |
Coined the term, and every time we click on a hyperlink we experience intertwingularity. It's an era in which information blurs the boundaries, enabling multi-channel, cross-platform, transmedia, physio-digital user experiences. |
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Technological Convergence: Characteristics |
- Different types of technologies used to perform similar tasks - Combination of voice, data and video onto a single network through shared resources Computer networks in which different operating systems are able to communicate via different protocols. |
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Ubiquitous Computing |
Pervasive, mobile, embedded, invisible, and ambient. Calm computing is also included.
Ubiquitous - present, appearing, or found everywhere
ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. |
