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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is meningitis difficult to treat?
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The medication must pass through the blood-brain barrier
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Why is encephalitis difficult to treat?
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The medication must pass through the blood-brain barrier
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What organisms are capable of causing meningitis?
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Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) Listeria monocytogenes |
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What organism is the most common cause of meningitis in children?
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Neisseria meningococci
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What are some characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis infections?
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-Has capsule
-Occurs in young children -Affects extremities, resulting in amputations -Most common, not vaccinated for as much |
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How is leprosy contracted?
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through mucus membranes
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What is Hansen's disease?
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leprosy
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What causes leprosy?
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Mycobacterium leprae
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What are the two forms of leprosy?
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tuberculoid, lepromatous
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Which form of leprosy is the worst and what does it do?
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lepromatous, deforms body, dissolves bones
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How is leprosy treated?
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anti-inflammatories
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How does fatality usually occur in people infected with leprosy?
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Leprosy rarely kills, tuberculosis is usually the cause.
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How is rabies diagnosed?
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The differential diagnosis in a case of suspected human rabies may initially include any cause of encephalitis, particularly infection with viruses such as herpesviruses, enteroviruses, and arboviruses
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What are the symptoms of rabies?
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-Long icubation period
-Drooling -Muscles constricting |
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What causes rabies?
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rabdovirus
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What is the reservoir for rabies?
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Raccoons, skunks, bats
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What is PAM?
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Paralytic Amoeboid Meningoincephalitis
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Where is Naegleria fowleri found?
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Bottom of freshwater lakes in muck
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How is PAM contracted?
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When swimming in water, if bottom is stirred up, it can get into the nose
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What are the symptoms of PAM?
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Stiff neck and death
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What organism causes PAM?
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Naegleria fowleri
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What organism causes tetanus? How?
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Clostridium tetani
Spore enters through cut or deep puncture wound, tetanospasmin neurotoxin is formed |
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What are the symptoms of tetanus?
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Trismas (Lockjaw), muscle stiffness, spasms. Blocks inhibitory nerve transmission
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How do you treat an unimmunized person for tetanus?
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tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) - antitoxin
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How do you treat an immunized person for tetanus?
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toxoid booster
penicillin |
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What are some diseases that cause encephalitis?
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toxoplasmosis, meningitis, rabies, syphillis, herpes, rubella
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What time of year does encephalitis most commonly occur? Why?
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Summertime, warm months, mosquitos are out which harbor it.
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How can encephalitis be avoided?
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Use bugspray or protective clothing.
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How is poliomyelitis contracted?
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Ingestion
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How is meningitis contracted?
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Respiratory system
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What CNS diseases have no vaccine?
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PAM, toxoplasmosis, african sleeping sickness,
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What is the difference between the Salk and Sabin vaccines?
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The Salk vaccine is made by inactivating the virus with formalin, and administering through injection.
The Sabin vaccine is an attenuated virus which is orally administered, and other people can be vaccinated by coming in contact with a person who has received the oral vaccination. |
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Why is penicillin given to rheumatic fever patients?
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To prevent reoccurrance
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What are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?
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-inflammation of joints and heart valves
-can cause bumps near elbows and where inflammation occurs |
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Why does rheumatic fever cause inflammation?
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Antibodies try to attack the antigen
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What is the treatment for rheumatic fever?
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anti-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antibiotic such as penicillin
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What causes tularemia?
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Franciscella tularensis
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What is rabbit fever also known as?
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tularemia
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How is tularemia treated?
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streptomycin
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How is tularemia contracted?
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By handling rabits
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What is a symptom of brucellosis?
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Fever, headache, sweating, chills, symptoms may go away for a period then return, or undulate
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What is another name for brucellosis?
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undulating fever
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How is brucellosis transmitted?
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Ingestion of contaminated meat/dairy products
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What animal is susceptible to brucellosis?
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Cow, goat, pig, dog
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What organism causes anthrax?
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Bacillus anthracis
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How can anthrax be contracted and what happens through each way?
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Skin - causes black scab
Inhalation - can be fatal |
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How does Bacillus anthracis stain in a gram test?
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gram +
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What are cardiovascular diseases that are transmitted in milk?
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1
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What are CNS diseases that are transmitted in milk?
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Lysteria
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What are respiratory diseases that are transmitted in milk?
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3
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How is toxoplasmosis contracted?
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ingestion of infected meat or contact with cat feces
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What organism causes toxoplasmosis?
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Who should be careful about getting toxoplasmosis? Why?
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Pregnant women, it can cross the placenta and into the fetus, causing harm to an infant.
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What organism causes african sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma spp.
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How is african sleeping sickness contracted?
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Tsetse fly bite
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What are symptoms of african sleeping sickness?
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-a chancre develops at the bite
-fever, lymph node swelling, rapid heartrate, edema and sometimes a rash -later, mental problems, resulting in coma and death |
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What is the vaccine for african sleeping sickness?
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There is none, the protozoa membrane constantly mutates
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What is trypanosomiasis?
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American/African sleeping sickness
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What is shagus disease?
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American sleeping sickness
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How is american sleeping sickness contracted?
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Reduviid bug (Kissing bug) bite on lip that transfers the tripanasome
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What organism causes american sleeping sickness?
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tripanasome
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What is puerperal sepsis?
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Childbirth fever
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How is puerperal sepsis contracted?
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unsanitary childbirth or abortion
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How is puerperal sepsis treated?
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antibiotics
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Why is puerperal sepsis rare?
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Modern sterile medical practice does not give it a chance to be transmitted
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What is the difference between bubonic plague and pneumonic plague?
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Bubonic - get bubos(bumps) on lymph node areas, black/blue bruises. Contracted by rat flea bite
Pneumonic - Human-human transmission, spread through respiratory system, kills in 3 days |
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What are symptoms of cholera?
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severe diarrhea-rice water stool, muscle and stomach cramps, vomiting and fever, severe dehydration
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What is zoonosis?
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Disease transmitted to humans from animals
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What organism causes scarlet fever?
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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What organism causes q-fever?
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Coxiella burnetii
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What organism causes psittacosis?
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Chlamydophila psittaci
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What organism causes whooping cough?
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Bordetella pertussis
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What organism causes tuberculosis?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What organism causes influenza?
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Orthomyxovirus
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What organism causes histoplasmosis?
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Histoplasma capsulatum
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What is Darling's disease?
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histoplasmosis
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What is the reservoir for psittacosis?
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birds
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What is the reservoir for pertussis?
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adults/children
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What is the reservoir for influenza?
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birds
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What is the reservoir for Q fever?
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rat
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What are the stages of Bordetella pertussis?
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catarrhal - initial stage, cough, runny nose, sneezing
paroxysmal - second stage after 1-2wks, whooping between coughs begins convalescent - 1-2months goes away |
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What is the most common way to contract hepatitis C?
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blood transfusion
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How does salmonella stain on the gram test?
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gram -
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Is salmonella an infective or a intoxicating dose?
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Infective
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Where is salmonella found?
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Meat, eggs, milk, reptiles, birds
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What does Salmonella typhi infect?
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Spreads throughout body, invasive
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How is Salmonella typhi contracted?
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Human to human
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What is Salmonella typhi treated with
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chloramphenicol
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What are complications of gonorrhea in men?
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Inflammation of the epididymis, prostate gland, urethral structure. Can cause sterility, meningitis, arthritis, heart problems.
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What are complications of gonorrhea in women?
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Can cause cysts, abscess, PID, sterility, meningitis, arthritis, heart problems.
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What is the most common STD in the US?
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chlamydia
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What organism causes trichomoniasis?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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What organism causes gonorrhea?
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Neisseria gonorrheae
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What organism causes chancroid?
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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What organism causes gardnerella?
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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What organism causes syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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What STD's can cause congenital infections of the newborn?
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syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, genital warts, chlamydia
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What is cystitis?
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urinary tract infection, can infect bladder and go to kidneys
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What is honeymooner's disease?
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cystitis, urinary tract infection
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What causes cystitis?
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E. coli and other gram (-) organisms
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What organism found in the adult vagina is part of the normal flora?
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Lacto bacillus
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What is the cause of traveler's diarrhea?
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E. coli
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What gastrointestinal disease is transmitted respiratorily?
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mumps
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What factors may lead to cystitis?
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E. coli from feces, hygiene
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What are the symptoms of Gardnerella vaginitis?
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vaginal frothy discharge, clue cells
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What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in men?
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asymptomatic
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What are the symptoms of candidiasis?
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soreness, itching
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What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis in women?
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intense itching, green-yellow discharge
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What are the symptoms of Lymphogranuloma venereum?
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superation of the lymph nodes
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What are the predisposing factors for Clostridium perfringens?
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gas gangrene, tissue necrosis
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What conditions must be met in order for botulism to grow?
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pH > 4.7
anaerobic |
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How does botulism affect us?
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releases botulism neurotoxin which causes nerve/muscle paralysis
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What CNS diseases have vaccines?
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Polio, Rabies, Tetanus, meningitis, anthrax, yellow fever
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What organism causes sub-acute endocarditis?
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alpha strep
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What organism causes acute endocarditis?
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staph
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What organism causes malaria?
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Plasmodium spp.
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What organism causes yellow fever?
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Flaviviridae arbovirus
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What does yello fever affect? Symptoms?
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Liver, jaundice
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What does malaria affect?
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RBC's, liver
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What are the symptoms of sub-acute and acute endocardidis?
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sub-acute takes longer to infect heart tissue
acute happens rapidly |
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What is the treatment of malaria?
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chloroquine
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What is the treatment of yellow fever?
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none
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What organisms have an intoxicating dose?
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Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum
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What kind of media is used to culture B. pertussis?
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charcoal blod agar
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What is the preferred method to diagnose whooping cough?
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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What disease results in lymphocytosis?
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whooping cough
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What is the vaccine used for pertussis?
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DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis)
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This medication is effective in killing the B. pertussis organism, but not in curing the whooping cough. Why?
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erythromycin, the cytotoxin released persists to kill cilial epithelial cells
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What disease involves a pseudomembrane in the back of the throat?
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diphtheria
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What medium is used to isolate Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
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cysteine tellurite agar
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What is the cause of the symptoms of diphtheriae?
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exotoxin
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How is diphtheria treated?
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antibiotics and the diphtheria antitoxin
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This leads to a higher WBC count, decreased glucose, and increased protein in CSF
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bacterial meningitis
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