Microbiology (Final Exam Test Prep)

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

Study of microbila agents including entities that cause infection and disease.

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Microbial Agents (MA) -Size Range

Back 2

a)Bacteria:1.0micrometer; mycoplasma: 200.0 nm; viruses: 10.0 nm; viroids: 10.0nm

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Cellular MA

Back 3

microorganism, composed of cells, include: bacteria, fungi

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Acellular MA

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non-microorganisms, are nucleic acid particles of DNA OR RNA, but not both!, not composed of cells

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Health

Back 5

The state of complete physical, socail and mental wellbeing, including absence of disease and infirmities

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Infection

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Invasion and establishment of MA in tissue.

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Etiological agent

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MA that establishes an infection

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Disease

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The outcome of an infection. Includes interference with metabolic activities, culminating into organ malfunction and dysfunction

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Dysfunction

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not operating at all

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Malfunction

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NOt operating appropiately

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Clinical symptom

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infection and/or disease manifestations that only the patient could recognize.

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Clinical Signs

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Infection and/or disease that both the patient adn the caregiver could recognize

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Dysentery

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Bloody Diarrhea

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Clinical incubation period

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The interval from time of infection to time disease appears in patient.

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Pre-Patent Period

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The interval from time of infection to the time the etiologic agent is isolated from the patients sample(microbiological specimen)

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Pro-Dromal Period

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The time of feeling run down.

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Acute Infection

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Infection that has a short to very short incubation period

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Chronic infection

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Infection that has a long to very long incubation period

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Carrier State Infection

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Infection that has not progressed to disease.

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Inapparent/Asymptomatic

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Same as carrier state infection

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Endemic Normal

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An individual in a carrier state infection.

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2 types: innocent and informed

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Prognosis/ Sequelae

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The outcome of an infection or disease.

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Tissue

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A group of similar cells that collaborate for a specific function.

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Pathology

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Tissue damage resulting from an infection

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Pathogen

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An etiologic agent

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Pathogenic

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can cause an infection that could progress to disease.

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Immunocompetent person

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An individual who has a fully functional immune system

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Immunocompromised person

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An individual who's immune system is not fully functional

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1: can be induced or caused by infection; 2) can be induced by drug/medication to prevent organ transplant rejection; 3) babies and geriatrics

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Sepsis

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Bacteria growth in animal tissue

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Pus

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Discharge from tissue with sepsis

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Septic tissue

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Is purulent and off-white in color and may conatin blood.

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Boil

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a tissue legion that conatins pus, (indicates sepsis)

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includes pimples

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Sputum

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Discharge from the lungs and the respiratory tract

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contains: mucose, may contain blood and indicates infection.

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Hemoptysis

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Bloody sputum indicating that the blood is coming from the repiratory tract and/or lungs

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Hematemesis

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Blood discharged from the digestive tract and comes out through the mouth and often does NOT contain sputum.

Hint 35

Vomit blood

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Biopsy

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Tissue surgically obtained from an organ

Hint 36

EG lung biopsy, brain biopsy

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Saliva

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Secretion from the salivory glands

Hint 37

three pairs: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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Pleomorphic bacteria

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have no definite shape( changeable shape)

Hint 38

EG: carynebacterium diphtheria: EA for whooping cough

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Toxin

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Poison produced by EA

Hint 39

2 types Endotoxin and Exotoxin

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Endotoxin

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toxin stays impregnated or incorporated in bacteria cell

Hint 40

EG. Salmonella Typhimurium: EA for salmonella food poison, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: EA for food poisoning

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Symbiosis

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MA living in adversity or harmony with host

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NM

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MA living on hosts skin, tissue, body cavity, or body fluid

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Includes Candida ablicans, staphylococcus aureus, E-coli

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Candida Ablicans

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Yeast fungus that normally lives in body cavities including mouth, vagina, urethra or on body surface

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Staphylococcus Aureus

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Normal microbiota of the human skin

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E-coli

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NM of the colon

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Opportunistic infection

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Infections caused by NM when host or patient becomes immunocompromised or immunodeficient

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EG. Sepsis, vaginitis and urethritis, buccal thrush

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Sepsis

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Caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria

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Urethritis and vaginitis

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Caused by candida ablicans in urethra and vagina

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presents as vaginal or urethral discharge

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Buccal thrush

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caused by candida ablicans

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NM in worng organ

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results in infection and/or disease

Hint 50

E.G. E-coli causes pneumonia in the human lungs

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E-coli

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normally produces vitamin K that promotes blood clotting, and so prevents excessive bleeding when one is wounded or during child birth

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Microbial Commensalism

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MA in harmony with the host, and during this period both the host and the MA benefit

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E.G. E-coli in colon: obtains nutrients from host; host gets vitamin K from E-coli.

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Microbial Agent Antagonism

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NM inpede pathogenic MA metabolism by producing enzymes and toxins.

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i.e. the toxins and enzymes interfere with EA metabolism

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Pioneers in MIcrobiology

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Flemmings, Lister, Pasteur, Jenner, Prusiner, Robert Koch

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Flemings

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Discovered penicillin

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Lister

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Discovered phenolic acid fro sterilization

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Pasteur

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Sterilization of dairy products

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Jenner

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Discovered Vaccine

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Prusiner

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Discovered prion proteins

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The EA for degenerative central nervous system diseases: KURU, BSE:mad cow disease, CJD

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Robert Koch

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developed postulate to establish the relationship between infection/disease with the EA

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Robert Koch's Postulates

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1) Isolate suspected EA 2) Grow EA in pure culture 3) Pure EA must induce same disieasein experimental animal 4) Isolate same EA from experimental animal

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Smear

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A layer of film of microbiological sample on a microscope slide

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two types: thick and thin

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Thick Smear Preparation ( from liquid sample)

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transfer drop of liquid to slide and spread to dime size.

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(from bacterial colony/solid): place drop of water on slide, transfer colony to water on slide, spread dime size

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Thick Smear/ film

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Indicates or absence of EA/ infection.

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Thin Smear/film

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Used to recognize/identify morphology, genus and species of the E.A. or M.A.

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Morphologies

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Coccus: spherical, Vibrio: curved, Bacillus: rod-shaped, helical/spiral: are all thread-like (wavy, spiral)

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staphyl: scattered or bunched, strept: in chains

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Basic/ Cationic Dye

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Malachite Green, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, BAsic Fuchsin, Safranin

Hint 67

Colors MA, but not slide b/c MA has - charge and slide has + charge like the stain.

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Acid/ Anionic Dye

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India Ink, Nigrosin, Congo Red, Acid FUchsin

Hint 68

does opposite of basic dye: colors slide but not MA.

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Simple Staining (Basic Dye only)

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prepare smear, airdry, heat fix, flood w/dye wait 20 sec, wash slide, air dry, and observe

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Differential staining

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uses two different colored dye's

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Acid-Fast Staining

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Primary: Carbol Fuchsin; MOrdant: Heat; Decolorizer: Acid Alcohol; Counter stain: Malachite green/ methylene blue

Hint 71

result: positive cells: red (pathogenic); negative cells: malachite green or Methyl blue(non-pathogenic)

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Negative Staining

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used for capsule staining; for capsule staining, you stain background slide, leaving capsule unstained.

Hint 72

Note: Capsule: neutral (does not bind with basic or acid dye); use acid dye to stain slide.

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Double-Staining for Capsule

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use simple staining to color the bacteris cell and apply acid dye to stain background slide.

Hint 73

Note: color of bacteri depends on color of basic dye.

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NOTE

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Acid-fast staining used for bacteria with heavy lipid layerin cell wall. primary dye should be lipid dye (ie carbol fuchsin).

Hint 74

Acid-fast staining used for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis, leprosy, norcardiasis

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Tuberculosis

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EA is mycobacterium tuberculosis

Hint 75

pulmonary/respiratory lung disease; treatable with anitbiotics; vaccine confers partial protection; has fatal prognosis

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Leprosy

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EA is Mycobacterium LePrae

Hint 76

A cutaneous and peripheral nerve disease; eradicated in developed countries

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Nocardiasis

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EA is Nocaridia

Hint 77

One of the main causes of persistent respiratory diseases in HIV/AIDS patients

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Spore Staining

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Spore formed within MA; protects EA from destruction by hosts immune system

Hint 78

Result: spore-green; vegetative cell-red

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Vegetative cell

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bacteria cell that carries the spore

Hint 79

enclosed by capsule, but it encloses the spore.

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Bacteria Cell Appendages

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Projections that promotes or enhance locomotion or self-propulsion

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Note: brownian movement is not locomotion only vibration/ bouncing in liquid.

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locomotion

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actual change in position/ laction due to appendages

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also called taxis: 3 types

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Chemotaxis

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movement towards a chemical stimulus

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Phototaxis

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Movement towards light stimulus

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Geotaxis/Gravitaxis

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Movement towards the center of the earth

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Flagellum

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a clearly long projection from the bacteria cell surface

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Filament

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a bundle of flagella enclosed in a sheath

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promotes spiral movement or rotation of bacteria cell

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Fimbra(e)

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short appendages that promote contact among bacteria cells

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Pilus(Pili)

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Long appendages that bring bacteria cells together during conjugation or exchange of DNA

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(i.e. It is a conduit pipe or tubular passage. often called sex pilus)

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Cilium(Cilia)

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Short Appendages that promotes locomotion

Hint 89

are short and numerous, covering bacteria cell surface.

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Monotrichous attachment

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a single flagellum at on pole/ end of the MA

Hint 90

E.G. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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Amphitrichous Attachment

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A single flagellum at each pole.end of the MA

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E.G. Spirillum Volutans

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Peritrichous Attchment

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Several flagell on body surface of MA

Hint 92

E.G. Salmonella

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Lophotrichous Attachment

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Several Flagella at one pole/end of the MA

Hint 93

E.G. pseudomonas Marginalis

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Glycocalyx

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sugar-based coat that protects and encloses the peptidoglycan cell wall

Hint 94

subsets: slime, capsule, plaque

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slime

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slimy coat that protects MA against engulfment, or phagocytosis, by the host macrophages

Hint 95

macrophages are part of the immune system

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Capsule

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protects peptidoglycan, promotes bacteria cell resistance to medicine or other environmental hazards, carries no charge

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Plaque

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produced as a whitish patch on human teeth by buccal streptococci

Hint 97

causes tooth decay

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Peptidoglycan

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the bacteria cell wall proper; protects the inner organelles and also produces the glycocalyx

Hint 98

thick in gram positive bacteria and thin in gram negative bacteria; absorbs dyes

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Plasma Membrane

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thin lining of the peptidoglycan

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Mycolic Acid

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Occurs in mycobacterium; it is corrosive

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Lipid wax

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In peptidoglycan cell wall of mycobacterium and nocardia

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Lysozymes

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enzymes produced by animals and they destroy the bacteria cell wall

Hint 102

occurs in body fluids: tears, saliva,urine, sweat

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Polymyxins

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Antibiotics that destroy bacteria cells

Hint 103

similar to lysozymes, but are synthetic

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Toxins

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plasmids: small rings of DNA in bacteria cells

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Hypha(e)

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thread-like units of fungi

Hint 105

it is hollow

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Septate

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Hollow with partitions or shelves

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Septic Hypha

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Have perforations in the partitions to enhance nuclear circulation

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Mycelium

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The fruiting body of fungi, composedof several intertwined hypha

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Sporangium

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A bulb at the tip of a free hypha which contains several nuclei that develop into reporductive cells

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E.G. rhizopus (bread mold)

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Conidium(conida)

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A chain of globular nulceated cells at the tip of an erect hypha

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E.G. penicillum

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Ascus:

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A chain of rectangular nulceated cells at the tip of an erect hypha; lined in a cup called ascocarp

Hint 111

E.G Fungi Imperfecti

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Yeasts

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are included in fungi inperfecti

Hint 112

reproduced by budding

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viruses

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obligate intracellular parasite

Hint 113

cannot survive outside its host cell

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Virus genome

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nucleis acid is either DNA or RNA

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DNA viruses

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double stranded except the parviruses

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RNA viruses

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are single stranded except the Reoviruses

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capsid

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composed of units called capsomeres

Hint 117

protein coat that protects/ encloses virus genome/nucleic acid

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nucleocapsid

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the nucleic acid witht the capsid

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Envelope

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Encloses/ protects the nucleocapsid

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SPike

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Attachments on the outside of the envelope

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Virion

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The infectious unit of a virus and is composed of the nucleocapsid

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Viroid

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plant virus with an RNA genome

Hint 122

ie- plant parasites: obligate intracellular plant parasites

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Prion

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Infectious protein: genom is presently unknown;

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Medium

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Substrate for microbial growth in culture or in laboratory or artificial environment

Hint 124

provides: nutirents, tonicity(salt balance), pH balance; stimulates natural environment

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Classification of media

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Physical state; Chemical compostion; functional/purpose of use

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Physical state

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liquid, semi-solid, solid

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Broth

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nutrient broth, milk casein broth, litmus milk broth, methlyene blue milk broth, soy bean broth

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Nutrient broth

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Highly nutritiuos meat extract

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Milk casein broth

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natural milk as broth

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Litmus Milk broth

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milk to which litmus dye has been added

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Methylene blue Milk broth

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milke to which meth. blue dye has been added

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Soy bean broth

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liquid soy broth

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Semi-Solid Media

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contains less than 1% agar, used to determine microbial viability, determines gas production by MA in culture, reveals paatern of growth around a stab line

Hint 133

E.G. fluid glycolate, Sim. Medium

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Solid Media

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Two cat's Thermoplastic and nonthermoplastic

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Thermoplastic Solid Media (Agar)

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Solid at room temp, conmtain 1.0% agar +, liq. at 45C -100C,

Hint 135

E.G. Agar Deep, Agar Slant, Agar Plate

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Bacteria Colony

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a group of bacteria cells produced by the same single bacteria mother cell

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nonthermoplastic (agar media)

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not liquifiable, heat dehydration and transforms to charcoal

Hint 137

E.G. nutrient agar plate, nutirent agar slant, nutrient agar deep,

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Rice grain media

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for fungal growth

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Egg yolk/embryo media

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for growth of virus

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cell line(s)/ cell culture MEdia

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for virus

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Chemical composition classification

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Synthesis and nonsynthesis

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Synthesis/synthetic

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have known/ specific chem composition; include: glucose broth, dextrose, inorganic synthetic, lactose,a nd phenyl alcohol broth

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Nonsynthetic Media

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Extracts of plant and animal tissue; no exact formula for chem composition; for growth of fastidious MA or MA w/ complex nutritional needs

Hint 143

include: blood media, ThayerMartin MEdium, Meat Extract medium, tryptocase sopy Medium, yeast broth medium, egg embryo medium, soy beans digestive medium

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Functional/Purpose of Use class

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General purpose media, Anaerobic, fermentation, Enumeration, Assy, Transport, slective, differential

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General Purpose MEdia

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screening media for assessment of nutritional requirements of MA

Hint 145

pormotes growth and culture of most MA include: nutirent medium and soy bean medium

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Anaerobic Media

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create oxygen deficient environment for anaerobic MA