Microbiology Final Exam

Front 1

Who discovered penicillin?

Back 1

Flemming

Front 2

T or F?: Cholera is caused by the bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. This disease has been virtually eliminated in both developed and developing countries?

Back 2

false

Front 3

The fungi, algae and protozoa are all eukaryotes?

Back 3

True

Front 4

Photosynthesis is performed by:
A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Protozoa

Back 4

A)Bacteria b/c it is a prokaryote and does not have chlorophyll

Front 5

An organism with 80s and 70s ribosomes could be a _____?

Back 5

Yeast (eukaryotic) b/c prokaryotes have 50s and 30s and have 70S ribosomes.

Front 6

Streptococcus mutans causes caries. its virulence factor is produced in the presence of ___

Back 6

Sucrose

Front 7

____ and ____ bacterial structures allow adhesion

Back 7

Capsules and pili

Front 8

Identify arrangements of flagella: peritrichous, amphitrichous, monotrichous, and lophotrichous

Back 8

peri= surrounding the perimeter. amphi- tufts on left and right. lopho is a tuft on one side. mono- one single flagella on end.

Front 9

Gram positive cell wall contains teichoic acids? T/F

Back 9

True

Front 10

Describe Gram positive wall

Back 10

Thick layer of peptidoglycan, teichoic acids.

Front 11

Describe Gram negative cell wall.

Back 11

Thick outer membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan.

Front 12

Penicillin is effective only in Gram ___ cell walled bacteria b/c___?

Back 12

Gram-positive b/c gram negatives have a outer membrane that the penicillin cannot reach the inside peptidoglycan layer.

Front 13

Describe bacterial cell growth.

Back 13

Lag phase- no cell number increase. This is when they prepare to multiply by making necessary structures.
LOG PHASE- cell growh exponential constant rate. most susceptible to antibiotics at this time.
Stationary phase- cell number is constant b/c as cells are made, some die.
DEATH phase- when total number of viable cells decreases as cells die off at a constant rate.

Front 14

Blood agar is ____ medium. Most bacteria will grow on blood agar. Those which lyse red cells are distinguished by a zone of clearing around the colonies.

Back 14

Differential

Front 15

Bacteria divide through ___

Back 15

binary fission

Front 16

what is the log base 5 of 25?

Back 16

2

XYZ
XZY

Front 17

Definition of Generation Time

Back 17

The time required for a population to double in number. Ex. E.coli doubles every 20 minutes

Front 18

Definition of Growth rate constant (K)

Back 18

how many doublings per unit time (generations/ hour)
K= (log B final - log B initial) / 0.3 (time)
ex. E.coli has a K of 3 gen/hr if generation time is 20 minutes

Front 19

Ampicillin is an antibiotic T/F?

Back 19

True

Front 20

Filtration can be used to remove bacteria from a liquid, but is ineffective in removing viruses b/c..._

Back 20

viruses are too small to be retained by the filter

Front 21

Gamma rays:
A) have the ability to penetrate materials
B) cause formation of highly reactive molecules
C) are used to sterilize some foods

Back 21

ALL ARE TRUE

Front 22

What processes are used to preserve foods?

Back 22

salting, drying, adding sugar

Front 23

the best way to keep workbench sterile in the evenings when he's not at work is to :

Back 23

expose the bench to UV light at night. UV light sterilzes.

Front 24

which microbe is smallest between yeast, helminths, virus, and E.coli

Back 24

Virus

Front 25

Filtration can be used to remove bacteria from a liquid, but is ineffective in removing viruses b/c..._

Back 25

viruses are too small to be retained by the filter

Front 26

Gamma rays:
A) have the ability to penetrate materials
B) cause formation of highly reactive molecules
C) are used to sterilize some foods

Back 26

ALL ARE TRUE

Front 27

What processes are used to preserve foods?

Back 27

salting, drying, adding sugar

Front 28

the best way to keep workbench sterile in the evenings when he's not at work is to :

Back 28

expose the bench to UV light at night. UV light sterilzes.

Front 29

which microbe is smallest between yeast, helminths, virus, and E.coli

Back 29

Virus

Front 30

Restriction/ modification systems, present in many bacteria, help to protect them from ____

Back 30

Viral infections

Front 31

Restriction endonuclease's recognition sequence are palindromes. Give an example of one.

Back 31

AAGCTT because
TTCGAA

Front 32

Gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments according to___

Back 32

size.. the shorter fragments travel longer towards the positively charged electrode. It's stained with ethidium bromide and viewed under UV light

Front 33

Primary atypical pneumonia's infectious agent is most likely to be ____ ____

Back 33

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 34

Dr. E. Lazowski and Dr. S. Matulewics saved a multitude of Polish males from serving in the Nazi army by ___

Back 34

injecting them with Proteus vulgaris

Front 35

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is found and transmitted by?

Back 35

- Usually found in east coast... transmitted by ticks, mites, or lice. It is a serious Rickettsia rickettsii disease

Front 36

Algae are generally not pathogenic. The Dinoflagellates, which are photosynthetic, can cause paralysis in a human when the human _____

Back 36

ingests shellfish in which the toxin has accumulated.

Front 37

Basidiomycetes are ___. Zygomycetes are ___.
Ascomycetes are ___
Deuteromycetes are ___.

Back 37

Bas- mushrooms
zygo- bread mold
asco- bakers yeast
deut- other...

Front 38

Potent Mycotoxin is produced by ___, ____, ____

Back 38

-amanita verma
-claviceps purpurea
-aspergillus flavis

Front 39

ringworm is caused by a ___

Back 39

fungus!!!

Front 40

Candida albicans causes Candidiasis which include___, ____, _____

Back 40

thrush, vaginitis, and superficial infections

Front 41

cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is caused by ___ ____

Back 41

Cryptococcus neoformans

Front 42

protozoans:

Back 42

-not photosynthetic.
-Do not have no known pathogenic species.
-Cannot reach up to six meters in length...

Instead they are:
-microscopic, unicellular
-usually motile
-reproduce by asexual fission


-Mastigophora- flagella
-Sarcodina- pseudopods
-Ciliophora- ciliates
sporozoa- spores

Front 43

The cyst form of a protozoan is metabolically active? T/F?

Back 43

False

Front 44

Ballantidium coli is the only known pathogen of the ___

Back 44

Ciliata

Front 45

Giardiasis, trichomoniasis, african sleeping sickness, and chagas' disease are all caused by ___

Back 45

mastigophora

Front 46

giardiasis is contracted by ____ ___ ____

Back 46

drinking contaminated water

Front 47

African sleeping sickness is transmitted by the ___ __

Back 47

tsetse fly

Front 48

Malaria can be transmitted by a ____ type of mosquito

Back 48

specific. Many cases of malaria worldwide.

Front 49

Toxoplasma gondii causes toxoplasmosis. It is:

Back 49

- not life-threatening in a healthy adult
-disastrous to a first trimester fetus
-can involve the brain and other organs of an immunocompromised adult.

Front 50

flatworms (trematodes and cestodes):

Back 50

-hermaphroditic
-requires intermediary hosts
-flukes, tapeworms

Front 51

Dioecious organisms have

Back 51

two distinct sexes

Front 52

larvae from hookworms and schistosomes both ___ the skin

Back 52

penetrate

Front 53

if pork with trichinella spirilum is left on the counter overnight...

Back 53

-nothing will happen b/c it is metabotically inactive in muscle tissue as cysts.

Front 54

Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted by mosquitoes and cause

Back 54

Elephantiasis, blocking circulation in the lymphatic system

Front 55

Larvae transmitted by the water flea infesting village water is reduced by::

Back 55

-filtering the water through cheesecloth, and sterilizing the water

Front 56

A bacteriophage can infect a wide range of bacterial species. T/F?

Back 56

False

Front 57

Animal viruses contain DNA or RNA. T/F?

Back 57

True

Front 58

Animal viruses and bacteriophage have a nuclecapsid as the core of their structure. T/F?

Back 58

True

Front 59

Bacteriophage cannot lyse or lysogenize the infected cell. T/F?

Back 59

False

Front 60

The first step in an infection by an animal virus and by a bacteriophage is adsorption. T/F?

Back 60

True.

Front 61

Corynebacterium diphtheriae is pathogenic only if a particular virus has lysogenized it. This is an example of ____ ____

Back 61

lysogenic conversion

Front 62

HIV, Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, and Hepatitis B all cause an acute infection with no persistence. T/F?

Back 62

False. they all have repeating occurences.. and are chronic/ latent.

Front 63

Papilloma virus (DS DNA) causing warts is the least likely to carry enzymes in its ___

Back 63

nucleocapsid.

Front 64

Every virus produces (+) RNA as part of its life cycle. T/F?

Back 64

True

Front 65

Retroviruses are ____

Back 65

single stranded RNA viruses.

Front 66

papilloma has not been associated w/ malignancy. T/F?

Back 66

True

Front 67

Viroids are infectious circular RNA molecules that cause ___ _ ____

Back 67

diseases in plants.

Front 68

Prions are ____ ___ that cause brain degneration

Back 68

infectious proteins

Front 69

Type of relationship where both parties benefit is ___

Back 69

mutualistic

Front 70

microbial population change significantly due to ____ and ___ ___

Back 70

selection and physiological adaptations usually by floods/ sudden change of environments

Front 71

one would expect to find more microbial biodiversity ___ _ _ ___

Back 71

close to the shoreline

Front 72

rhizosphere is :

Back 72

the area surrounding plant roots

Front 73

Some bacteria fix ___ ____ so it can be incorporated into biomass by plants and animals

Back 73

atmospheric nitrogen

Front 74

One would want to find denitrifying bacteria ____

Back 74

in the wastewater treatment plant. Changing Nitrate to nitrite.

Front 75

purpose of waastewater treatment is to ___ __.

Back 75

reduce BOD

Front 76

solids are removed during the :

Back 76

primary and secondary treatment.

Front 77

secondary wastewater treatment is:

Back 77

the microbial degradation of organic material. a biological process designed to convert most of solids to inorganic compounds and cell mass that can be removed.

Front 78

water is routinely tested for

Back 78

coliform bacteria

Front 79

The confirmed test detects ___

Back 79

coliforms

Front 80

____ is the utilization of microbes to reduce the toxicity of pollutants.

Back 80

Bioremediation

Front 81

salmonella food poisoning symptoms occur

Back 81

after a day or so of ingesting the chicken

Front 82

enterotoxin from Staphy aureus causes ___

Back 82

vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps.. hamburger meat even cooked

Front 83

E.coli infections have been associated with ___ types of food

Back 83

all

Front 84

neutrophils and macrophage both ___

Back 84

are phagocytic

Front 85

The alternative pathway of the complement system:

Back 85

-series of proteins that circulate the body. they work with the activities of antibodies. they are inactive when body is okay.. but stimuli of foreign invaders trigger responses. - opsonizes C3b to cell surfaces

Front 86

interferon is produced in response to

Back 86

double stranded RNA

Front 87

interferon purpose is to

Back 87

protect only surrounding cells from the virus

Front 88

skin, cilia lining the respiratory tract, lysozyme in tears, and acidity of stomach are all ____ ___

Back 88

non-specific defenses.

Front 89

White blood cells develop from stem cells in the ___ ___

Back 89

bone marrow

Front 90

inflammation is triggered by

Back 90

-LPS
-Tissue damage
-Complement system

Front 91

Fever can be induced y ___ or ___ pyrogens.

Back 91

endogenous, or exogenous

Front 92

Ethidium bromide causes frameshift mutations. T/F?

Back 92

True.

Front 93

Nitrosic Guanidine causes __ __ __

Back 93

base pair substitions

Front 94

E.coli has no __.

Back 94

mitochondria

Front 95

Enzymes speed up reactions by:

Back 95

decreasing the activation energy.

Front 96

T/F? NAD+ has more energy than NADH?

Back 96

False

Front 97

The intermediates of catabolic reactions :

Back 97

are often used in anabolic reactions

Front 98

increasing temperature of E.coli to 80 degree celsius will knock out the enzymes by

Back 98

altering the tertiary structure

Front 99

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation differ:

Back 99

the final electron acceptor during fermentation is internal.

Front 100

Cyanide binds to cytochromes in ETC, preventing transfer of elctrons... what will happen if cyanide is added to a culture of E.coli growing aerobically?

Back 100

- terminate the production of ATP
-result in a buildup of NADH

Front 101

E.coli mutant that cannot make enzyme superoxide dismutase is ___

Back 101

an obligate anaerobe

Front 102

During fermentation, ___ can be an electron acceptor.

Back 102

- inorganic terminal electron acceptor is not available.
-THEY LACK ETC.

Front 103

UV light causes ___

Back 103

thymine dimers- covalent bonds between neighboring base pairs on same strand.

Front 104

Xrays cause:

Back 104

-single/double strand breaks in DNA, and base alterations.

Front 105

Transcription:

Back 105

the synthesis of RNA using DNA template.

Front 106

Translation:

Back 106

synthesis of Protein from mRNA template.

Front 107

Leading strand is the strand starting with the ___

Back 107

5'

Front 108

RNA primers are required for making new DNA from ____ strands

Back 108

BOTH

Front 109

DNA replication in E.coli requires __

Back 109

-deoxyribonucleotides
-ribonucleotides
-DNA polymerase

Front 110

Transcription requires:

Back 110

ribonucleotides and RNA polymerase

Front 111

Ratio of G to C is always 1 in

Back 111

bacterial DNA (double stranded)

Front 112

Thymine base pairs with

Back 112

Adenine

Front 113

Uracil replaces

Back 113

Thymine

Front 114

Translation occurs where?

Back 114

on the ribosome in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Front 115

introns are present in

Back 115

eukaryotic DNA

Front 116

___, ___, ___, ___ are known mutagens

Back 116

-5-bromo uracil
-nitrous acid
-ethidium bromide
-uv light

Front 117

A wild-type organism is ___

Back 117

a strain whose properties are similar to the organism first isolated from nature.

Front 118

auxotroph:

Back 118

a microorganism that requires an organic growth factor

Front 119

prototroph-

Back 119

no requirements for organic growth factors b/c it can make them

Front 120

If e.coli is gowing on minimal salt medium w/ lactose and glucose.. which operon will be 'on'?

Back 120

tryptophan operon

Front 121

Lactose is a __ in the lactose operon

Back 121

inducer

Front 122

A non-functional protein results in

Back 122

nonsense

Front 123

penicillin enrichment of mutants :

Back 123

-increases number of auxotrophic mutants.
-penicillin kills only growing cells, the prototrophs will grow and die while the non-multiplying auxotrophs will live.

Front 124

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by bacteriophage is called _

Back 124

Transduction

Front 125

Transformation requires

Back 125

-competent cells- a state that allows uptake of DNA. It is the transfer of Naked DNA by recipient.

Front 126

Conjugation occurs

Back 126

when dna is transferred directly from one bacteria to another in contact.

Front 127

The F-factor can integrate into the bacterial chromosome by

Back 127

site-specific recombination

Front 128

R-factors are:

Back 128

-plasmids
-often carry resistance genes to multiple antibiotics
-transfer a copy of themselves to recipients
-do not recombine with the host cell's chromosome

Front 129

The donor remains a donor and reipient becomes a ___ in F+ mating.

Back 129

Donor

Front 130

Donor and recipient both become F' after mating. T/f?

Back 130

True

Front 131

Donor and recipient both become HFR after mating?

Back 131

False. Donor becomes HFR. Recipient is not.

Front 132

A succesful PCR reaction requires

Back 132

-primers
-dNTPs
-DNA polymerase

Front 133

For a successful PCR reaction to take place, the primers must bind at:

Back 133

-close to 3'

Front 134

Sequencing reation is similar to PCR in that melting, annealing, and extension occurs in __ cycles

Back 134

many

Front 135

PCR uses ___ primer(s). Sequencing uses __ primer(s)

Back 135

PCR= 2
Sequencing= 1

Front 136

Epidemic is

Back 136

a sharp increase in number of cases.

Front 137

pandemic-

Back 137

a worldwide epidemic

Front 138

swine flu affects our ___,___,___

Back 138

alveoli, respiratory tract.. causing our immune system to be hurt

Front 139

Difference between antibodies?

Back 139

The constant regions of their heavy chains.

Front 140

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is used for?

Back 140

cell donation: organ transplant rejection determination

Front 141

T cell receptor and immunoglobulins are same b/c

Back 141

they have the ability to generate multiple specificities.

Front 142

T cell receptor and immunoglobulin are different b/c

Back 142

t cell are mono.. only one can bind to one while Igs have Two binding sites

Front 143

T-cytotoxic (CD8) cells are involved in

Back 143

apoptosis (it programs an infected host cell to die)

Front 144

T-helper (CD4) cells are involved in

Back 144

helping response to T-cytotoxic cells.

Front 145

passive immunity is

Back 145

when the immune response occured in a different individual. It can still protect you. Maternal antibodies crossing placenta to protect the fetus.

Front 146

active natural immunity-

Back 146

when i get chickenpox, i only get it once. i wont get it again.

Front 147

active artificial immunity

Back 147

vaccinations

Front 148

passive natural-

Back 148

maternal to offspring

Front 149

passive artificial-

Back 149

reciving IgG shots.. against meningitis

Front 150

An antivenom is a __ that has ___ to the venom

Back 150

-serum, that has antibodies to venom

Front 151

Inactivated vaccine is

Back 151

where the virus is killed.

Front 152

attenuated vaccine is

Back 152

where the virus is made less pathogenic. it is virulent. it is infecting the host cells. but it shows no symptoms.

Front 153

Clostridium Tetanii is a ___ ___ that produces ___. the ___ will germinate in the wound.

Back 153

-obligate aerobe
-produces endospores
-the spores germinate

Front 154

small pox and polio are virtually eradicated. T/F?

Back 154

True

Front 155

It is difficult to make vaccines against malaria and flu and HIV b/c?

Back 155

malaria and flu's strains constantly change.
HIV - vaccine may attack our own cells

Front 156

Type I hypersensitivity-

Back 156

IgE. heavy chain side is inserted into the mast cells. It triggers mast cells to release histamine- allergin

Front 157

Type II hypersensitivity-

Back 157

cytotoxic. Complement lysis. antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicty.

Front 158

rheumatic fever is associated with Strep throat (Strep pyogenes) and causes____ on the side effect.

Back 158

rheumatic fever

Front 159

Rhesus system-

Back 159

different set of antigens on the red cells either they have it or don't.

Front 160

It is difficult to make vaccines against malaria and flu and HIV b/c?

Back 160

malaria and flu's strains constantly change.
HIV - vaccine may attack our own cells

Front 161

Type I hypersensitivity-

Back 161

IgE. heavy chain side is inserted into the mast cells. It triggers mast cells to release histamine- allergin

Front 162

Type II hypersensitivity-

Back 162

cytotoxic. Complement lysis. antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicty.

Front 163

rheumatic fever is associated with Strep throat (Strep pyogenes) and causes____ on the side effect.

Back 163

rheumatic fever

Front 164

Rhesus system-

Back 164

different set of antigens on the red cells either they have it or don't.

Front 165

Rogam treatment is where the mother is injected before delivery so it coats the ___ and wont hurt the baby if __

Back 165

-coats mother's Rh+ antigens so it wont hurt if the baby is Rh-

Front 166

Type III sensitivity

Back 166

immune complex-mediated. activates complement inflammation, tissue damage

Front 167

Type IV sensitivity

Back 167

-cell mediated- dermatitis, skin test, infectious diseases like Tb

Front 168

Primary (inherited) immunodeficiency disorder is where ___

Back 168

there is a lack of b cell function and t cell function.

Front 169

Secondary (environmental) immunodeficiency occurs when

Back 169

malnutrition, organ transplants

Front 170

communicable disease is transferred from ___

Back 170

person to person

Front 171

neoplastic is the formation of

Back 171

tumors

Front 172

nosocomial disease is acquired in a

Back 172

hospital

Front 173

Iatrogenic is caused by a

Back 173

medical treatment ( UTI is most common)

Front 174

epidemiology is a study of

Back 174

how diseases are transmitted population-wise

Front 175

The ___ the incubation period, the ___ chance one has to transmit the disease to another host.

Back 175

Longer, more

Front 176

lyme disease is an emerging disease caused by G- spirochete, borrelia borgdorfei. symptoms include:

Back 176

bullseye shape rash, flue like, arthritis. Treatable if found early.

Front 177

Chicken pox is caused by ____ ____

Back 177

Varicella herpes zoster virus

Front 178

measles is caused by ____.

Back 178

paramyxovirus family. It causes serious secondary bacterial infections, lung damage, brain damage. Immunodeficiency like HIV.. but not chronic.

Front 179

Rubella is caused by ___

Back 179

togavirus family. it causes birth defects. Vaccination is available.

Front 180

Warts are caused by ___

Back 180

papilloma virus. Benign skin tumors. Associated w/ cervix cancer.

Front 181

Strep pyogenes causes____

Back 181

flesh eating by unusual toxins pyrotoxin and protease.

Front 182

pseudo aeruginosa causes ___

Back 182

green pus... in burn wounds

Front 183

Tetanus is caused by ____

Back 183

Clostridium tetani. G+ so no endotoxin b/c no outermembrane

Front 184

Normal flora of the lower urethra include:

Back 184

Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Haemophilus, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides

Front 185

Toxic Shock syndrome is caused by

Back 185

Staphylococcus aureus. By toxins absorption in bloodstream. it can occur anywhere. treatable w/ antibiotics. usually associated with tampons. b/c tampons are left in too long and staphy grow.

Front 186

gonorrhea is caused by

Back 186

neisseria gonorrhoeae. it expresses different surface antigens and binds to host membranes. G- cocci. transmitted high b/c asymptomatic
-"Clap"

Front 187

syphilis is caused by

Back 187

treponema pallidum. it is a small painless sore at the site of the infection and goes unnoticed but it migrates to other body parts. Primary and secondary are pathogenic. Tertiary is not infectious... it affects the nervous sytem and causes insanity.. death. Gummas- large swoolen area of bacteria growth in lungs, brains, etc.

Front 188

Genital herpes 1 is ____
Genital herpes 2 is _____

Back 188

1- above the waist
2- below the waist.
Human to human transmit.
Life long infection.