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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is a reason microorganisms are useful in many different research laboratories?
A. They are easy to see and count B. They have fairly complex structures and are expensive C. The reproduce quickly and grow in large numbers D. They live everywhere so contaminants from the environment are not a problem |
C. The reproduce quickly and grow in large numbers
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_________ is the concept that living organisms arise from non-living material.
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Spotaneous generation
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The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called ___________.
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Germ theory
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Why is the period from 1874 to 1917 called the golden age of microbiology?
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Microbiology was at the forefront of biomedical research in medicine and biology.
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Who discovered the fungus Penicillium produced an antibiotic called penicillin in 1929?
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Alexander Flemming
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Who laid the foundation of aseptic techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microbes?
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Louis Pasteur
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Who was the first person to use a microscope to observe living cells?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Are yeast prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes do not have which of the following:
A. Cell membrane B. Nucleus C. Cytoplasm D. Ribosomes |
B. Nucleus
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The nucleus of a eukaryote does not contain...
A. Nuclear membrane B. Nucleoid C. Nucleolus D. Nuclear pores E. None of the above |
B. Nucleoid
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What type of microscope are prokaryotes usually viewed with?
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Light microscope
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In what year did Christian Gram develop the differential gram staining procedure?
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1884
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Acid-fast staining is commonly used to stain...
A. B. subtilis B. E. coli C. M. tuberculosis D. S. aureus |
C. M. tuberculosis
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Gram positive bacteria stain _______ while gram negative bacteria stain _______.
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Purple; Pink
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What are the functions of the bacterial cell wall?
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Provide mechanical strength, define cell shape, and protect against osmotic lysis
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What is the most important component of the bacterial cell wall?
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Peptidoglycan
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A peptidoglycan layer that is about 50 nm thick is commonly seen in....
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gram-positive bacteria
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Aside from peptidoglycan, what other component makes up a large percentage of the gram positive cell wall?
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Teichoic acid
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What is the periplasmic space?
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The space located between the plasma membrane and outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins involved in nutrient acquisition.
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Gram-negative bacteria have much of this found on their outer membrane...
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lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
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Describe the orientation of the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membranes.
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Hydrophobic tails point towards one another, hydrophilic heads point towards outward or towards the cytoplasm of the cell
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True or False: Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
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True
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This is a waxy substance that is a part of the Mycobacterium cell wall.
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Mycolic acid
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All of the following participate in adherence except_______.
A. Slime layers B. axial filaments C. fimbriae D. Pili E. capsules |
B. axial filaments
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Which of the following is not true of fimbriae and pili?
A. They are involved with adherene. B. They are both made up of pilin subunits. C. Pili are needed for bacterial conjugation. D. They are made only by gram-positive bacteria. |
D. They are made only by gram-positive bacteria
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What is bacterial conjugation?
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A process in which genetic material is transferred from a donor to a recipient by means of a pilus.
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Describe the orientation of lophotrichous flagella.
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A tuft of flagella at one end of a bacterial cell.
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What is the size of a prokaryotic ribosome?
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70S
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What is a live attenuated vaccine?
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A vaccine made of intact virions which are rendered non-infectious.
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The protein coat and lipid envelopes are components that help to protect the viral...
A. capsid B. genome C. tegument D. spikes |
B. genome
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The protein subunit that assembles in a highly organized manner to form a capsid is the _________.
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Capsomere
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What are the two major types of symmetry found in viruses?
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Icosahedral and helical
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The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has ________ capsids.
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helical
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A virus that is specific for a bacterial host is called.....
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phage
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Retroviruses use what enzyme to convert RNA into DNA?
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transcriptase
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Which of the following is not an example of a virus associated with persistent infections of humans?
A. Epstein-Barr Virus B. HIV C. Influenza virus D. Herpes simplex virus type I |
C. Influenza virus
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What is active viremia?
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Replication of viruses in the blood
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ID50 refers to the number of organisms required for....
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50% of exposed individuals to show signs of infection
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The herpes virus family are ________ _________ _____ viruses.
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Large, enveloped DNA
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The hepatitis A virus is a __________ ____________ _____ virus.
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small, non-enveloped RNA virus
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What distinguishes microbiology from other fields of biology?
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The size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in their study.
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Who provided evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?
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Pasteur
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A typical fungus consists of a mass called _________ made up of many threadlike structures called _________.
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mycelium; hyphae
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Fungal hyphae are sometimes separated into smaller compartments by cross walls called....
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septa
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Define morbidity.
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The relative number of individuals affected by a particular disease during a set period of time within a given population.
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Define pandemic.
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Worldwide spread of an infectious disease.
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What is the function of viral capsids?
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protect the viral genetic material and aid in its transfer between host cells.
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Properties that a pathogen possesses that permit establishment and evasion of the host defenses are called...
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virulence factors
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Which of the following pathogens is mismatched with the disease that it causes?
A. Bordetella pertussis; whooping cough B. Clostridium perfringens; gas gangrene C. Vibrio cholerae; cholera D. Salmonella enterica; typhoid fever |
D. Samonella enterica; typhoid fever
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Which of the following diseases is not likely to have been acquired through a mucus-membrane associated port of entry?
A. tetanus B. tuberculosis C. gonorrhea D. cholera |
A. tetanus
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of exotoxins?
A. highly antigenic B. causes DIC C. converted to toxoids for vaccine use D. unstable at high temperatures |
D. Causes DIC (disseminated intravascular clotting)
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"Lock jaw" is a symptom of infection with....
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Clostridium tetani
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True or false: Outbreaks can be classified by the rate of increase of new cases.
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True
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What is incidence?
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The number of new cases of a particular disease within a specified time period.
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What types of studies may sometimes identify the index case of a disease?
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Descriptive epidemiological studies
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Unicellular fungi are known as....
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Yeasts
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Coenocytic hyphae do not have...
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Cross walls
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The reproductive structures of bread mold where gametes are produced are called...
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Gametangia
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The fused hyphae containing haploid nuclei from 2 individuals is called...
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Heterokaryotic
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All of the following are examples of deep mycoses except...
A. histoplasmosis B. coccidiomycosis C. pityriasis D. Aspergillosis |
C. pityriasis
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Yeast infections are most commonly caused by what fungi?
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Candida albicans
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What is the major advantage of cephalosporins over penicillins?
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The are resistant to beta-lactamase enzyme activity
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What is the process used to generate thousands of drugs daily with the aid of computer programs?
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Combinatorial chemistry
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What was the first antibiotic used against viruses?
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The sulfa drug derivative thiosemicarbazone
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What antibiotic compounds are composed of peptide fragments and used to disrupt the bacterial plasma membrane?
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Bacitracin, Maginins, and Defensins
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Which of the following is a mismatched pair?
A. acyclovir; genital and oral herpes simplex infections B. amantadine; influenza A C. griseofluvin; fungal infection of the skin, hair, and nails D. Peptide fragments; inhibition of peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria E. Ribavirin (Nucleoside analog): Lassa fever infections |
D. Peptide fragments; inhibition of peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria
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What does the broth dilution test measure?
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MBC
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What does the E test measure?
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MIC
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What does the Kirby-Bauer test measure?
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Zone of inhibition
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What are three bacteria that can cause sinusitis?
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Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae
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Which of the following statements about diphtheria is incorrect?
A. Toxemia can make diphtheria life threatening B. A potent inhibitor of protein synthesis C. The bacteria are gram-negative rods D. Causes pharyngitis |
C. The bacteria are gram-negative rods
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Chlamydia psittaci infections may be caused by....
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inhalation of bird droppings
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________ is often associated with strep throat caused by Group A strepococci.
A. diphtheria B. Tuberculosis C. whooping cough D. Q fever E. Scarlet fever |
E. Scarlet fever
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How does parainfluenza differ from influenza?
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It is more stable, It replicates in the cytoplasm, and It is associated with little antigenic drift or antigenic shift
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"Walking pneumonia" is associated with what bacteria?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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What antibiotics are usually the treatment of choice for TB?
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Pyrazinamide, isoiazid, and rifampin
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True or false: The spikes of envelope glycoproteins are found on the interior of the membrane.
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False
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Describe the structure of a icosahedral virion.
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Resembles a solid geometrical shape with 20 identical, equilateral faces
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True or false: Hyphae form in year by budding.
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False
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Asexual reproduction in fungi involves the use of...
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conidia
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Dermatophytosis of the feet (Athlete's foot) is also known as...
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tinea pedis
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True or false: The potato blight, Phytophthora infestans which was the cause of the irish famine is a water mold belonging to the class oomycetes.
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True
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Which of the following is not a fungal infection of the respiratory tract:
A. Pneumocystis pneumonia B. histoplasmosis C. coccidioidomycosis D. Aspergillosis E. None of the above |
E. None of the above
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What are three methods that can contain the spread of communicable diseases?
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isolation, quarantine, and vector control
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What are resistance islands?
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Location in the bacterial genome where antibiotic resistance genes integrate and accumulate.
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What bacteria accounts for more than 90% of vancomycin resistance?
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Enterococcus faecalis
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What is required by the bacteria to acheive vancomycin resistance?
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Five separate genes to alter peptidoglycan to an insensitive form
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Which of the following is not an example of a persistent bacterial infection:
A. mycobacterium tuberculosis; tuberculosis B. Chlamydia trachomatis; pelvic inflammatory disease C. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi; typhoid fever D. Helicobacter pylori; gastric ulcers E. None of the above |
E. None of the above
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What is a unique characteristic of Corynebacterium's cell division?
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Snapping
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True or false: Alpha group of bacteria cultured on blood agar causes incomplete hemolysis of blood cells leaving a greenish hue around the colonies.
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True
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A. It is responsible for more deaths than any other pathogen B. It is a spore forming obligate aerobic rod C. Multi-drug resistant strains have emerged D. It produces mycolic acid which protects the bacterium from host defense E. It produces tubercules |
B. It is a spore-forming obligate aerobic rod
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Tubercules...
A. Are white patches seen on the chest X-ray of TB patients B. May remain dormant for years and then become active again C. contain live Mycobacterium D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
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True or false: Helibacter pylori which spreads through oral-oral or oral-fecal contact is an endogenous form of gastrointestinal infection.
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False
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Vibrio cholera is a gram negative. facultatively anaerobic rod responsible for "rice water" stool and can be transmitted to humans in what ways?`
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Contaminated food or water, or livestock
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What cut of meat may have the largest number of contaminating microbes per gram?
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Ground beef
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True or false: Clostridium perfringens causes perfringens food poisoning, the symptoms of which are abdominal cramps and diarrhea.
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True
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of typhoid fever?
A. Humans are the only reservior of the etiological agent B. Infections are treated with tetracycline to control diarrhea. C. It is a persistent fever induced by endotoxins D. Hemorrhaging and perforation of the intestinal wall lining may occur E. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi |
B. Infections are treated with tetracycline to control diarrhea.
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Flagella of the Enterobacteriaceae used for antigen classification are collectively known as ____ antigens.
A. O B. A C. H D. F E. K |
C. H
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Salmonella infections are characterized by all of the following except...
A. typhoid fever B. gastroenteritis C. chronic infections D. enteric fever E. bacillary dysentery |
E. bacillary dysentery
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______ is a term used to describe a urinary tract infection involving the kidneys, where as _________ describes involvement of the bladder.
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pyelonephritis; cystitis
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Prostatitis is characterized by all of the following except...
A. urgent and frequent urination B. blood in urine C. low fever D. back pain |
B. blood in urine
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Glomerulonephritis is caused by _________, a bacterial pathogen causing leakage of blood and protein in urine.
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E. coli
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Which of the following is not a sexually transmitted disease?
A. herpes simplex virus B. rubella virus C. Chlamydia trachamatis D. HIV E. papillomavirus |
B. rubella virus
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True or false: Primary syphilis involves an incubation time of 3 weeks for the appearance of gummas(?) which disappear in 4-6 weeks.
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False
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the human papillomavirus:
A. enveloped B. double-stranded DNA C. more than 70 genotypes identified D. icosahedral E. non-specific integration into host genome |
A. enveloped
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Which of the following is not associated with bacterial meningitis?
A. Haemophilus influenzae B. Clostridium botulinum C. Neisseria meningitidis D. Streptococcus pneumoniae E. Staphlococcus aureus |
B. Clostridium botulinum
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Which of the following organisms is responsible for epidemic typhus?
A. Salmonella typhi B. Rickettsia typhi C. Rickettsia prowazekkii D. Rickettsia richettsi E. Clostridium tetani |
C. Rickettsia prowazekkii
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The simplest virus or naked virus consists of:
A. Nucleic acid B. Protein coat capsid C. Both a protein coat capsid and nucleic acid D. None of the above |
C. Both a protein coat capsid and nucleic acid
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The general pattern of viral multiplication consists of how many stages?
A. 5 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4 |
A. 5
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These infectious agents are known to cause a number of neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals such as scraple in sheep.
A. Viruses B. Viroids C. Prions D. Virusoids |
C. Prions
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Lysogeny is the relationship between a host and a....
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Temperate phage
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Endocytosis and fusing with the plasma membrane of a host cell are both...
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ways that a virus can enter a host cell
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In 1884, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was reported as a _____ shaped bacteria.
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Rod
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Acid-fast staining is commonly used to stain...
A. B. subtilis B. E. coli C. M. tuberculosis D. S. aureus |
C. M tuberculosis
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True or false: The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is a major site of ATP synthesis in aerobes.
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True
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Which of the following helps protect bacteria from lysis in dilute solution and helps to determine cellular morphology (shape)?
A. Plasma membrane B. Capsule C. Gas vacuoles D. Cell wall |
D. cell wall
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True or false: The basic composition of the membrans of prokaryotic organelles are the small as their plasma membrane.
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False
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Which of the following statements about viruses is untrue?
A. Viruses are acellular B. Viruses consist of one or more molecules of DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein and sometimes more complex layers. C. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. D. Viruses replicate by binary fission. |
D. Viruses replicate by binary fission.
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Virus morphology does not include which of the following characteristics?
A. size B. shape C. Presence or absence of an envelope D. Host range |
D. Host range
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Non-enveloped viruses more often gain access to eukaryotic host cells by....
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Endocytosis
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Which statement is not true regarding viral envelopes?
A. The envelope proteins are virus specific B. The envelope lipids and carbohydrates are derived from the host. C. They are typically lipid bilayers with embedded proteins |
C. They are typically lipid bilayers with embedded proteins.
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What is lysogeny?
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Then the viral genome is incorporated into the host chromosome but does not result in lysis of the host cell.
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Which of the following correlate with exponential phase?
A. Also called log phase B. Rate of growth is constant and also called as balanced growth C. Population is most uniform in terms of chemical and physical properties during this phase. D. Exponential growth- all cellular components are synthesized at a constant rate. E. All of the above |
E. All of the above
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What is the Kreb's cycle "acceptor" molecule that begins the cycle?
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A. Oxaloacetate
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Why is oxygen necessary for electron transport phosphorylation to occur in the mitochondria?
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It picks up the hydrogen at the end of the chain to form water.
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What year was weaponzing Bacillus anthracis delivered through the U.S. postal system?
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2001
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True or false: Widal test for Typhoid fever can be done by agglutination test.
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True
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