Microbiology/immunology Exam 2 Part 1

Front 1

All of the following can be found in mitochondria and prokaryotes except:
(A) ATP-generating mechanism
(B) Circular DNA
(C) Cell wall
(D) Electron transport system
(E) Ribosome

Back 1

(C) Cell wall

Front 2

Bacteria differ from viruses because bacteria
(A) Have DNA and RNA
(B) Can live without a host
(C) Have cells
(D) All of these

Back 2

(D) All of these

Front 3

Which of the following is not a variation of light microscopy?
(A) Phase-contrast microscopy
(B) Electron microscopy
(C) Bright-field microscopy
(D) Dark-field microscopy
(E) Fluorescent microscopy

Back 3

(B) Electron microscopy

Front 4

Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids?
(A) Lipids
(B) Proteins
(C) Carbohydrates
(D) Nucleic acids

Back 4

(B) Proteins

Front 5

Enzymes may expedite chemical reactions by increasing the activation energy.
(A) True
(B) False

Back 5

(B) False

Front 6

For most organisms this molecule acts as the sole informational molecule and carries the genetic blueprint for the cells.
(A) RNA
(B) DNA
(C) RNA and Protein
(D) DNA and RNA
(E) Protein

Back 6

(B) DNA

Front 7

This microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultra violet light and is an excellent diagnostic tool.
(A) Phase-contrast microscope
(B) Electron microscope
(C) Darkfield microscope
(D) Fluorescence microscope

Back 7

(D) Fluorescence microscope

Front 8

Which of the following is not a eukaryote?
(A) Fungi
(B) Bacteria
(C) Plants
(D) Animals
(E) Algae

Back 8

(B) Bacteria

Front 9

A denatured protein maintains its:

(A) Primary structure
(B) Structural integrity (3D), but it loses its function
(C) Tertiary structure
(D) Quaternary structure
(E) Secondary structure

Back 9

(A) Primary structure

Front 10

Cell division occurs in prokaryotes by:
(A) Mitosis
(B) Budding
(C) Binary fission
(D) Meiosis

Back 10

(C) Binary fission

Front 11

Proteins are involved in all of the following EXCEPT:
(A) Catalyze chemical processes
(B) Regulate cellular processes
(C) Provide structural support
(D) Serve as hereditary materials
(E) All answers are correct

Back 11

(D) Serve as hereditary materials

Front 12

The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion
(A) Can move materials from a higher to a lower concentration
(B) Does not require ATP (energy)
(C) Requires transporter proteins (carriers)
(D) Can move materials from a lower to a higher concentration
(E) Requires ATP (energy)

Back 12

(C) Requires transporter proteins (carriers)

Front 13

We discussed two processes for synthesizing ATP. Which process requires proton gradient across the membrane
(A) Oxidative phosphorylation
(B) Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 13

(A) Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 14

Nitrogen bases are building blocks of:
(A) None of these
(B) Nucleotides
(C) Deoxyribose
(D) Ribozomes
(E) Lipids

Back 14

(B) Nucleotides

Front 15

What is the purpose of buffer in culture media?
(A) To increase the pH
(B) To maintain pH at a certain level
(C) To keep the bacteria under control
(D) To separate microorganisms from one another
(E) To decrease the pH

Back 15

(B) To maintain pH at a certain level

Front 16

Which forces/bonds are involved in quaternary structure of proteins?
(A) Hydrogen bond, S-S bridges, Van der Waals forces, peptide bonds
(B) Hydrogen bond, S-S bridges, Van der Waals forces, peptide bonds, and hydrophobic interactions
(C) Hydrogen bond, S-S bridges, peptide bonds
(D) Hydrogen bond, S-S bridges, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions

Back 16

(D) Hydrogen bond, S-S bridges, Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions

Front 17

Which of the following mechanisms requires energy?
(A) Simple diffusion
(B) Osmosis
(C) Active transport
(D) Facilitated diffusion

Back 17

(C) Active transport

Front 18

Which of the following statements about a gram-negative cell wall is not true?
(A) It protects the cell from osmotic lysis.
(B) It maintains the shape of the cell.
(C) It contains an endotoxin
(D) It has teichoic acids.

Back 18

(D) It has teichoic acids.

Front 19

The type of bond holding Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl is a (n):
(A) Double bond.
(B) Covalent bond.
(C) Hydrogen bond.
(D) Ionic bond

Back 19

(D) Ionic bond

Front 20

Which of the following is not a kingdom in the five-kingdom system?
(A) Monera
(B) Plant
(C) Virus
(D) Animal
(E) Fungi

Back 20

(C) Virus

Front 21

All of the following are true about starch and cellulose except they are:
(A) Digested by many bacteria and fungi.
(B) Digested by animals
(C) Produced by plants.
(D) Polymers of glucose

Back 21

(B) Digested by animals

Front 22

What are the hallmarks of a cell?
(A) Self feeding
(B) Disease causing
(C) Self sufficient
(D) Presence of RNA and ribosome in the cell
(E) Having cell wall

Back 22

(A) Self feeding

Front 23

Which of the following is not related to bacterial cell wall
(A) Not all bacteria have cell wall
(B) Controls water balance
(C) All of these are related to bacterial cell wall
(D) Preserve the shape of bacteria
(E) Made of peptidoglycan

Back 23

(C) All of these are related to bacterial cell wall

Front 24

This microscope uses an ultraviolet light source.
(A) Compound light microscope
(B) Electron microscope
(C) Dark field microscope
(D) Fluorescence microscope

Back 24

(D) Fluorescence microscope

Front 25

Which of the following mechanisms generate ATP using an electron transport chain?
(A) Fermentation
(B) Oxidative phosphorylation
(C) Substrate level phosphorylation
(D) glycolysis
(E) Krebs cycle

Back 25

(B) Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 26

A medium that contains crystal violet inhibits growth of gram-positive bacteria. This medium is:
(A) Enriched
(B) Differential
(C) Selective

Back 26

(C) Selective

Front 27

Bioremediation refers to:
(A) Using microbes to clean up pollution
(B) Using microbe to study diseases
(C) Using microbe in vaccine development
(D) Rehabilitating wayward bacteria

Back 27

(A) Using microbes to clean up pollution

Front 28

Which of the following is not part of the cell membrane?
(A) Fatty acids
(B) Nucleic acids
(C) Sugars
(D) Amino acids

Back 28

(B) Nucleic acids

Front 29

All of the following statements about cellulase are true except which one?
(A) It is a carbohydrate
(B) Some bacteria make it.
(C) It is a protein.
(D) It is used to degrade cellulose.

Back 29

(A) It is a carbohydrate

Front 30

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
(A) Pasteur--proof of biogenesis
(B) Ehrlich--chemotherapy
(C) Jenner--vaccination
(D) Koch--aseptic surgery

Back 30

(D) Koch--aseptic surgery

Front 31

Negative stain makes cells appear light against a dark background
(A) True
(B) False

Back 31

(A) True

Front 32

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Bacteria?
(A) All are pathogenic
(B) Most possess cell walls
(C) Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan
(D) All are unicellular

Back 32

(A) All are pathogenic

Front 33

What is/are the important biological function(s) of polysaccharides?
a. energy storage
b. structural support
c. enzymatic activity
d. information storage
(A) a and c
(B) a and b
(C) b and c
(D) b and d
(E) c and d

Back 33

(B) a and b

Front 34

The idea of spontaneous generation postulated that:
(A) Living organisms could arise from non-living material
(B) Organisms could spontaneously evolve into more advance organisms
(C) Organisms could evolve into next generation of organisms
(D) Organisms could spontaneously arise from other living organisms

Back 34

(A) Living organisms could arise from non-living material

Front 35

Which of the following does not contribute to the hydrophobic interaction?
(A) Proximity of hydrophobic molecules
(B) Exclusion of water
(C) Increase in entropy
(D) Ionic interaction between hydrophobic molecules

Back 35

(D) Ionic interaction between hydrophobic molecules

Front 36

Which of the following statements is true?
(A) Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes
(B) A cell can produce many endospores.
(C) Endospores are for reproduction
(D) Endospores are easily stained in a Gram stain
(E) A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing

Back 36

(A) Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes

Front 37

Proteins are formed by amino acids connected by:
(A) Hydrogen bonds
(B) Peptide bonds
(C) Phosphodiester linkage
(D) Alpha 1,4-glycosidic bond

Back 37

(B) Peptide bonds

Front 38

Study of shape and size of microbes is morphology
(A) True
(B) False

Back 38

(A) True

Front 39

Cocci are:
(A) Round to oval bacteria
(B) Spiral shape bacteria
(C) Bacillus type bacteria
(D) Rod bacteria
(E) Cylindrical shape bacteria

Back 39

(A) Round to oval bacteria

Front 40

Which of the following chemicals is found only in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria?
(A) Teichoic acid
(B) Peptidoglycan
(C) Lipopolysaccharide
(D) Flagella
(E) Plasmid

Back 40

(C) Lipopolysaccharide

Front 41

Robert Koch established his postulates using the disease
(A) Syphilis
(B) Gonorrhea
(C) Diphtheria
(D) Anthrax
(E) Tuberculosis

Back 41

(D) Anthrax

Front 42

Name the two macromolecules that are considered essence of life.

(A) Carbohydrates and proteins
(B) Proteins and lipids
(C) Carbohydrates and lipids
(D) Nucleic acids and proteins
(E) Nucleic acids and lipids

Back 42

(D) Nucleic acids and proteins

Front 43

Which area of microbiology studies fungi?
(A) Biotechnology
(B) Bioremediation
(C) Mycology
(D) Immunology
(E) Parasitology

Back 43

(C) Mycology

Front 44

These molecules are the primary building blocks of the plasma membrane in cells
(A) Nucleic acids
(B) Lipids
(C) Proteins
(D) Carbohydrates

Back 44

(B) Lipids

Front 45

These are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells.
(A) Lipids
(B) Nucleic acids
(C) Carbohydrates
(D) Proteins

Back 45

(A) Lipids

Front 46

Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
(A) Mitochondrion
(B) Golgi complex
(C) Nucleus
(D) Vacuole
(E) Cell wall

Back 46

(A) Mitochondrion

Front 47

A molecule that contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups is called:

(A) Isotonic
(B) Amphoteric
(C) Amphipathic
(D) Isoelectric
(E) Fluid mosaic

Back 47

(C) Amphipathic

Front 48

Ribose and adenine can be found in RNA and:
(A) Proteins.
(B) DNA.
(C) Carbohydrates.
(E) ATP

Back 48

(E) ATP

Front 49

What color should a gram-positive organism appear after Gram stain
(A) Red
(B) Purple
(C) Pink
(D) Green
(E) Orange

Back 49

(B) Purple

Front 50

Which of the following is not a characteristic of cell membrane

(A) Present in all cells
(B) Composed of Phospholipid bilayer
(C) Maintain cell shape
(D) Selective permeable
(E) Contains proteins

Back 50

(C) Maintain cell shape

Front 51

Bacterial cell wall is made of:
(A) Proteins
(B) Murein
(C) Cellulose
(D) Lipopolysaccharides
(E) Phospholipids

Back 51

(B) Murein (Peptidoglycan)

Front 52

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
(A) Pasteur
(B) Hooke
(C) Koch
(D) van Leeuwenhoek

Back 52

(A) Pasteur

Front 53

Loss of electron means:
(A) Phosphorylation
(B) Reduction
(C) Oxidation

Back 53

(C) Oxidation

Front 54

All of the following statements are true about gram-positive cells compared to gram-negative cells except which one?
(A) Gram-positive cells have more peptidoglycan.
(B) Gram-positive cells are decolorized by alcohol-acetone.
(C) Gram-positive cells are sensitive to penicillin
(D) Gram-positive cells have teichoic acids.

Back 54

(B) Gram-positive cells are decolorized by alcohol-acetone.

Front 55

Who proved that microorganisms cause disease?
(A) Hooke
(B) Koch
(C) Pasteur
(D) van Leeuwenhoek

Back 55

(B) Koch

Front 56

A peptide bond: 1. is a covalent bond, 2; Holds the primary structure of protein together, 3; is between two hydrogen groups, 4; is between a carbon and a nitrogen
5; is between two sugar molecules
(A) 1, 2, 3, 4
(B) 2, 3, 5
(C) 1, 2, 4
(D) 1, 4, 5
(E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Back 56

(C) 1, 2, 4

Front 57

Where can you find nucleotides?
(A) In fatty acids
(B) In amino acids
(C) In proteins
(D) In carbohydrates
(E) In DNA

Back 57

(E) In DNA

Front 58

The paralysis in tetanus is due to a neurotoxin that:
a. inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter needed to relax muscles and cause rigid paralysis
b. acts in the brain to cause excess muscle contraction
c. interferes with synaptic transmission and cause plaoid paralysis
d. acts exclusively on the respiratory musculature
e. inhibits protein synthesis in heart muscle

Back 58

a. inhibits the release of a neurotransmitter needed to relax muscles and cause rigid paralysis

Front 59

The best use of a negative stain is
(A) To determine Gram reaction
(B) To see endospore
(C) To determine cell motility
(D) To determine cell shape

Back 59

(D) To determine cell shape

Front 60

The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after completing the Gram stain is.
(A) Brown
(B) Colorless
(C) Purple
(D) Red

Back 60

(D) Red

Front 61

Fermentation differs from anaerobic respiration in almost all of the following ways. Fermentation does not:
(A) Oxidize glucose
(B) Require a final electron acceptor
(C) Re-oxidize NADH
(D) Require molecular oxygen
(E) None of the answers are correct

Back 61

(B) Require a final electron acceptor

Front 62

Which of the following is considered an endotoxin?
(A) Murein
(B) Peptidoglycan
(C) Periplasm
(D) Lipopolysaccharide
(E) Teichoic acid

Back 62

(D) Lipopolysaccharide

Front 63

Eukarya:

(A) All of these are correct
(B) None of these are correct
(C) Have a membrane around their DNA
(D) Consist of only multicellular organisms
(E) Contain outer membrane and cell membrane

Back 63

(C) Have a membrane around their DNA

Front 64

A medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell is
a _____ ______, which causes the cell to ___________.
(A) Hypertonic solution, Swell
(B) Hypertonic solution, Shrivel
(C) Hypotonic solution, Shrivel
(D) Hypotonic solution, Swell
(E) Isotonic solution, Swell

Back 64

(B) Hypertonic solution, Shrivel

Front 65

You have isolated a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus. You would find all of the following structures except which one?
(A) Peptidoglycan
(B) A lysosome
(C) A ribosome
(D) A chromosome

Back 65

(B) A lysosome

Front 66

The best definition of biotechnology is
(A) The use of living organisms to make desired products
(B) The development of genetic engineering
(C) The use of microorganisms in sewage treatment
(D) Curing diseases

Back 66

(A) The use of living organisms to make desired products

Front 67

This structure could not be found in prokaryotes
(A) Golgi apparatus
(B) Plasmid
(C) Pili
(D) All of these could be found in prokaryotes
(E) Flagella

Back 67

(A) Golgi apparatus

Front 68

All of the following are polysaccharides except:
(A) Glucose
(B) Peptidoglycan
(C) Glycogen
(D) Starch
(E) Cellulose

Back 68

(A) Glucose

Front 69

Which of the following statements about bacteria is not true?
(A) The only good bacterium is a dead bacterium
(B) Bacteria are used to make some foods.
(C) Bacteria are essential to the presence of life on Earth.
(D) Everyone has bacteria in and on the body.

Back 69

(A) The only good bacterium is a dead bacterium

Front 70

Which type of molecule contains -NH2?

(A) Phospholipids
(B) Proteins
(C) Sugars
(D) Lipids
(E) Carbohydrates

Back 70

(B) Proteins

Front 71

In the name Escherichia coli, coli is the
(A) Genus
(B) Species
(C) Specific epithet Family
(D) Kingdom

Back 71

(B) Species

Front 72

A chemical bond formed by two atoms when they share pairs of electrons to fill their outer shells is a/an:
(A) Hydrogen bond
(B) Covalent bond
(C) Romantic bond
(D) Ionic bond
(E) Hydrophilic interaction

Back 72

(B) Covalent bond

Front 73

Which of the following scientists and their discoveries is not correctly matched?
(A) Koch-germ theory of disease
(B) Jenner-vaccination
(C) Ehrlich-chemotherapy
(D) Lister-antibiotics

Back 73

(D) Lister-antibiotics

Front 74

The periplasmic space separates the plasma from the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria
(A) True
(B) False

Back 74

(A) True

Front 75

All of the following statements are true about the plasma membrane except which?
(A) The lipids and proteins move across the membrane.
(B) Small ions can easily cross the membrane
(C) Peripheral proteins catalyze chemical reactions.
(D) Integral proteins make channels in the membrane.

Back 75

(B) Small ions can easily cross the membrane

Front 76

The most important environmental factor affecting the growth is:
(A) pH
(B) Oxygen
(C) Temperature
(D) Moisture

Back 76

(C) Temperature

Front 77

Which of the following is not a kingdom in the five-kingdom system?
(A) Plant
(B) Protista
(C) Algae
(D) Monera
(E) Animal

Back 77

(C) Algae

Front 78

Cells containing the peptidoglycan layer are susceptible to penicillin. Which part of this molecule does the antibiotic affect?
(A) Synthesis of Muramic acid
(B) Formation of peptide bridge
(C) Synthesis of glucoseamine
(D) Synthesis of amino acids

Back 78

(B) Formation of peptide bridge

Front 79

Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to a) Kill the bacteria b) Affix the cells to the slide. c) Make their walls permeable.
(A) a
(B) a and b
(C) b
(D) a, b, and c
(E) a and c

Back 79

(B) a and b

Front 80

What was Paul Ehlrich after as a microbiologist?
(A) destroy pathogens without harming the host
(B) None of the answers are correct
(C) All answers are correct
(D) magic bullet
(E) cure for syphilis

Back 80

(C) All answers are correct

Front 81

Growth is defined in terms of increase in cell number rather than size.
(A) False
(B) True

Back 81

(B) True

Front 82

Samples prepared for electron microscopy do not need to be fixed
(A) True
(B) False

Back 82

(B) False

Front 83

Which of the following compounds has the greatest amount of energy for a cell?
(A) Glucose
(B) Pyruvate
(C) ATP
(D) O2
(E) CO2

Back 83

(A) Glucose

Front 84

Assume you have bacterial culture that requires teichoic acid in its growth medium. If teichoic acid is not provided, the bacteria will not be able to make:
(A) Cell membrane
(B) Capsule
(C) Cell wall
(D) Enzymes

Back 84

(C) Cell wall

Front 85

The most common solidifying agent added to culture media is:
(A) Gelatin
(B) Silica gel
(C) Agar
(D) Starch

Back 85

(C) Agar

Front 86

All of the following organisms are eukaryotes except:

(A) All of these are eukaryotes
(B) Protozoa
(C) Fungi
(D) Plants
(E) Bacteria

Back 86

(E) Bacteria

Front 87

S-S agar inhibits gram-positive bacteria. On this medium, bacteria that ferment lactose produce red colonies, and bacteria that do not ferment lactose produce colorless colonies. This medium is:
(A) Enriched
(B) Differential
(C) Selective
(D) Both selective and differential

Back 87

(D) Both selective and differential

Front 88

Which one makes the most ATP; aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation?
(A) Anaerobic respiration
(B) Aerobic respiration
(C) Fermentation
(D) They all basically make the same number of ATP

Back 88

(B) Aerobic respiration

Front 89

Gram staining is type of differential staining procedure
(A) True
(B) False

Back 89

(A) True

Front 90

Which of the following is a scientific name?
(A) Legionella pneumophila
(B) Legionnaires' bacterium
(C) Philadelphia fever
(D) Legionnaires' disease

Back 90

(A) Legionella pneumophila

Front 91

Which one of the following is an example of bioremediation?
(A) Use of Sacccharomyces cerevisiae to make wine
(B) Use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots
(C) Use of cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox
(D) Use of Bacillus thuringiensis to kill crop-eating insects

Back 91

(B) Use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots

Front 92

Identify the FALSE statement.
(A) In Gram stain, G+ are blue (purple) and G- are pink (red)
(B) In Gram stain, G- are blue (purple) and G+ are pink (red)
(C) The cell wall of G+ is much thicker than G-
(D) G+ and NOT G- contain teichoic acid in their cell wall

Back 92

(B) In Gram stain, G- are blue (purple) and G+ are pink (red)

Front 93

By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
(A) Simple diffusion
(B) Facilitated diffusion
(C) Active transport
(D) Extracellular enzymes

Back 93

(C) Active transport

Front 94

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
(A) Pasteur-proof of biogenesis
(B) Jenner-vaccination
(C) Leeuwenhock-microscope
(D) Koch-aseptic surgery

Back 94

(D) Koch-aseptic surgery

Front 95

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
(A) Gram-negative bacteria--Simple stain
(B) Iodine-mordant Alcohol-decolorizer
(C) Crystal violet-primary stain

Back 95

(A) Gram-negative bacteria--Simple stain

Front 96

A protein's function depends upon its unique conformation. Which level of protein folding achieves this conformation?
(A) Alpha helix
(B) Primary structure
(C) Beta sheet
(D) Tertiary structure
(E) Secondary structure

Back 96

(D) Tertiary structure

Front 97

This microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution.
(A) Compound light microscope
(B) Phase-contrast microscope
(C) Electron microscope
(D) Fluorescence microscope
(E) Darkfield microscope

Back 97

(C) Electron microscope

Front 98

Which of the following is not a product of TCA cycle?
(A) Acetyl-CoA
(B) FADH
(C) CO2
(D) GTP (ATP)
(E) NADH

Back 98

(A) Acetyl-CoA

Front 99

Bacterial cell membrane DOES NOT contain:

(A) Phospholipids
(B) Proteins
(C) Nucleic acids
(D) Glycoproteins
(E) Lipids

Back 99

(C) Nucleic acids

Front 100

Place the following steps in the correct sequence: 1-Staining; 2-Making a smear; 3-Fixing.
(A) 1-2-3
(B) 2-3-1
(C) 3-2-1
(D) 1-3-2

Back 100

(B) 2-3-1

Front 101

Peptidoglycan is made of mostly:
(A) Lipids
(B) Carbohydrates
(C) Proteins
(D) Nucleic acids

Back 101

(B) Carbohydrates

Front 102

Cells are made of mostly:
(A) Carbohydrates
(B) Lipids
(C) Protein
(D) DNA
(E) RNA

Back 102

(C) Protein

Front 103

Which of the following chemical bonds is the strongest?
(A) Covalent bond
(B) Hydrogen bond
(C) Ionic bond
(D) They all have same strength

Back 103

(A) Covalent bond