Microbiology Chapter 14 Nonspecific Host Defenses

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Lysozyme

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An additional defense in tears and saliva, which is an enzyme that hydolyzes the peptidiglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

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tears and saliva

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Immunology

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encompasses the study of all features of the body's 2nd & 3rd lines of defense

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2nd & 3rd

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A healthy functioning immune system is responsible for:

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1 surveillance of the body 2 recognition of foreigh material, 3 destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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3 things

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Discuss Self and Non Self

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A process is carried out primarily by white blood cells, which have been trained to recognize body cells (self) and differentiate them from any foreign matter in the body such as invading bacteria. (non self)

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Serum

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this substance is essentailly the same as plasma, except it is clear fluid from clotted blood. It is usually used in immune testing and therapy

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Stem cells

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The primary precursor of new blood cells is a pool of undifferentiated cells, maintained in the marrow.

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Mast Cells

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Specialized tissue cells similiar to basophils that trigger local inflammatory reactions and are responsible for many allergic symptoms

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Red Blood Cells

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Carry o2 and co2

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Platelets

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Involved in blood clotting and inflammation

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Neutrophils

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Essential blood phagocytes, active engulfers and killers of bacteria

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Basophils

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Functioning in inflammatory events and allergies

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Eosinophils

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Active in worm and fungal infections, allergy and inflammatory reactions

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Monocytes

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Blood phagocytes that rapidly leave the circulation mature into macrophages

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Lymphocytes

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Primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter

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T cels

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Perform a number of specific cellular immne responses such as assisting B cells and killing foreign cells ( cell-mediated Immnunity)

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B cells

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Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral immunity)

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Dendritic cells

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Relatives of macrophages that reside throughout the tissues and RES; responsible for processing foreign matter and presenting it to lymphocytes

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Blood Cells

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Cellular components of the blood consisting of red blood cells, primarily responsile for the transport of o2 and co2 and white blood cells primarily responsible for host defense and immune reactions

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hemopoiesis

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The process by which the various types of blood cells are formed, such as in the bone marrow

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Immunity

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An acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact w/ that agent

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Immunology

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The study of the system of body defenses that protect against infection

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Leukocyte

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White cells. The primary infection - fighting blood cells

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Markers

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Any trait or factor of a cell, virus, or molecule that makes it distince and recognizable ex. a genetic marker

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Plasma

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The carrier fluid element of blood

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Reticuloendothelial System

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AKA as the mononuclear phagocyte system it pertains to a network of fibers and phagocytic cells Macrophages) that permeates the tissues of all organs. ex Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids, alveolar phagocytes in the lung, microglia in nervous tissue

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Whole Blood

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A liquid connective tissue consisting of blood cells suspended in plasma

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Erythrocyte

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(red blood cells) Blood cells involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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Granulocyte

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A mature leukocyte that contains noticeable granules in a Wright Stain, ex neutorphils, eosinophils, and basophils

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Agranulocyte

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One form of leukocyte, (white blood cells) having globular, non-lobed nuclei and lacking priminent cytoplasmic granules

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Cell mediated immunity

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Type of immune responses brought about by T-cells, such as cytotoxic and helper effects

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Chemotaxis

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The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (torward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli)

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Diapedesis

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The migration of intact blood cells between endothelial cells of a blood vessel such as a venule

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Phagocytosis

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A type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane actively engulfs large particles or cells into vesicles

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Lymphatic System

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A system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for developement of immune cells and immune reactions. It includes the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GA LT

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Thymus

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Butterfly-shaped organ near the tip of the sternum that is the site of the T-cells maturation

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Chemical Mediators

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Small molecules that are released during inflamation and specific immune reactions that allow communication between the cells of the immune system and facilitate surveillance, recognition and attack

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Cytokines

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A chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity

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Edema

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The accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavaties. Also called swelling

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Interferon

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Naturally occuring poly-peptides produced by fibroblasts and lymphocytes that can block viral replication and regulate a variety of immune reactions

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Lysosome

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A cytoplasmic organelle containing lysozyme and other hydrolytic enzymes

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Macrophage

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A white blood cell derived from a monocyte that leaves the circulation and enters tissue, these cells are important in non-specific phagocytosis and in regulating, stimulating and cleaning up after immune responses

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Humoral Immunity

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antibody-mediated immunity occurring within blood plasma and other body fluids

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Pyogenic

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pus forming

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Histiocytes

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Specialized macrophages that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there during their lifespan. ie alveolar - lung, Kupffer - liver, langerhans - skin

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Complement

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any of several proteins normally present in blood serum that when activated kill foreign cells by puncturing them