Microbio- Quiz 2 Vocab

Front 1

is an ecological relationship between two different species that live together in direct contact

Back 1

symbiosis

Front 2

is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit, like endosymbiosis, or human gut microbes

Back 2

Mutualism

Front 3

is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Back 3

Commensalism

Front 4

is the collection of bacteria, fungi, and archaea that lives on and in the skin, in the gastrointestinal tract, in the mouth, in saliva, and in the conjunctiva of the eye

Back 4

The human microbiota

Front 5

is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, like viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and worms

Back 5

Parasitism

Front 6

A parasite that lives on the host and feeds on cell components, tissues, or body fluids

Back 6

(ectoparasite)

Front 7

A parasite that lives inside the host and feeds on cell components, tissues, or body fluids or inside

Back 7

endoparasite

Front 8

is a disorder of the structure, function, or biochemistry of an organism or part of an organism

Back 8

Disease

Front 9

is the study of the causes of disease, while virulence is the degree of pathogenicity

Back 9

Pathology

Front 10

chronic diseases due to genetic factors, aging, behavior, exposure to chemicals like

Back 10

Non-communicable diseases

Front 11

The result of living agents developing and multiplying in body of host like bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Back 11

Infectious diseases

Front 12

is something that causes infectious disease

Back 12

pathogen

Front 13

is the potential for a pathogen to cause disease

(qualitative)

Back 13

Pathogenicity

Front 14

the degree of pathogenicity

(quantitative)

Back 14

Virulence

Front 15

how pathogens are transferred from host to host and can be vertical or horizontal

Back 15

Transmission

Front 16

Four criteria that were established to identify the causative agent of a particular disease, these include:

the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal

the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen

Back 16

Kock's postulate

Front 17

Horizontal transmission via GI tract

Back 17

Fecal -Oral:

Front 18

Horizontal transmission via respiratory tract: coughing, sneezing, touch

Back 18

Respiratory:

Front 19

Horizontal transmission via: wounds, insect bites, blood transfusions , placenta, IV drugs, sexual. Sexual: via genitourinary tract:

Back 19

Blood-borne

Front 20

Horizontal transmission : via fomites (inanimate objects) e.g. soil, rusty nails

Back 20

Contact

Front 21

is a person, animal, or microbe that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen

Back 21

vector

Front 22

: Arthropod carries pathogen on feet

Back 22

Mechanical transmission

Front 23

Pathogen reproduces in vector

Back 23

Biological transmission

Front 24

____Vectors are common such as fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

Back 24

Arthropod vectors

Front 25

Disease occurs at rates higher than expected

Back 25

Epidemic:

Front 26

Disease exists at a low/expected rate

Back 26

Endemic:

Front 27

: More than one continent and rates higher than expected

Back 27

Pandemic

Front 28

are subjective like pain and malaise

Back 28

Symptoms

Front 29

are objective like fever, rash, and paralysis

Back 29

Signs

Front 30

The__________ is the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms

Back 30

incubation period

Front 31

The_________is the time between exposure and communicability

Back 31

latent period

Front 32

symptomatic; mild to severe

Back 32

Clinical infection:

Front 33

asymptomatic, may be a chronic or latent infection, incubation period

Back 33

Subclinical infection:

Front 34

: rapid onset, obvious signs & symptoms, body able to eliminate quickly

Back 34

Acute infection

Front 35

: may be without obvious signs & symptoms, body unable to eliminate quickly; may last years

Back 35

Chronic infection

Front 36

inactive for long periods, e.g. herpes simplex

Back 36

Latent infection:

Front 37

: healing time - may or may not be contagious

Back 37

Convalescence

Front 38

- source of infection for others; often asymptomatic e.g. prolonged shedding of virus in feces or saliva during convalescence

Back 38

Carriers

Front 39

contagious;

Back 39

Communicable:

Front 40

: not contagious

Back 40

Non-communicable

Front 41

pathogen spread throughout the body

Back 41

Systemic infection:

Front 42

: confined to a small part of the body

Back 42

Local infection

Front 43

: presence and multiplication of pathogens in blood

Back 43

Septicemia

Front 44

presence but not multiplication in blood

Back 44

Viremia, bacteremia:

Front 45

follows (result of) primary infectionE.g. Flu followed by bronchitis

Back 45

Secondary infection:

Front 46

: only small percentage infected develop symptoms, e.g. poliovirus

Back 46

Iceberg Concept

Front 47

_______is the study of all factors regarding occurrence of a disease such as:

Entry - explosive/mild; winter/summer; earthquake/floods

Appears - who is stricken; children/men/women/profession

How spread - vectors or animals

Fluctuations or cycles

How it recedes and disappears

Back 47

Epidemiology

Front 48

A ________ is a source of an infectious agent

Soil, water: tetanus, hepatitis A

Animals: rodents and fleas in bubonic plague

Humans: AIDS, gonorrhea, typhoid fever

Back 48

reservoir of infection

Front 49

is the sum of the factors that come together to cause non-communicable and infectious diseases. It’s the causes of disease

Back 49

Etiology

Front 50

First case of a disease to be identified and reported

Source of the infection for the community

Back 50

Index case:

Front 51

: conducted in the present, during outbreak

Number of cases, location and geographic distribution, segment of the population affected, serological surveys - antibodies to infection

Back 51

Prospective studies

Front 52

: conducted after the fact

Back 52

Retrospective studies

Front 53

A ______is an infectious disease of animals that can be naturally transmitted to humans.

Back 53

zoonosis

Front 54

(number of deaths)

Back 54

Mortality rate

Front 55

(number of illnesses)

Number of cases within a specified time period/population size in which cases occurred times 1000 or 100,000

Back 55

Morbidity rate

Front 56

one person to another

Back 56

Horizontal transmission:

Front 57

mother to unborn or nursing child

Back 57

Vertical transmission:

Front 58

: % immune to infection If high, # of new cases will be low If low, # new cases will be high

Back 58

Herd immunity

Front 59

hospital acquired infections

Back 59

Nosocomial infections:

Front 60

_____ is the joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other

It can occur at the species level or the molecular level

It can occur in predator/prey, host/parasite, and mutualistic relationships

Back 60

Co-evolution

Front 61

Epithelial surfaces such as mouth, eyes, nose, respiratory tract, GI tract, anus, genitourinary tract: vagina, urethra

Back 61

Portals of entry

Front 62

are cell surface components that allow adherence to surfaces or other cells

Back 62

Adhesins