Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
line(s) of defense that are considered NON-SPECIFIC
|
1st line of defense = intact skin, mucous membranes, mucouse, normal microbiota
2nd line of defense = phagocytic WBCs, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances |
|
|
line(s) of defense that are considered SPECIFIC
|
3rd line of defense = specialized lymphocytes (B & T cells), antibodies
|
|
|
Non-specific Immune Response:
1. Definition 2. Response time 3. Memory of previous exposure |
1. same immune response against any type of pathogen
2. short response time bc system is set up & ready to go 3. No memory of previous exposure bc it is not specific |
|
|
(3) components of the 1st line of defense & what type of defense is it (specific or non)
|
1st Line of Defense:
* non-specific * components - 1. skin 2. mucous membrane 3. normal microbiota |
|
|
Skin:
1. part of which defense system 2. protective factors (6) |
1. 1st line of defense / non-specific
2. - keratin protein that keeps skin dry & tough - acidic pH5 (due to fatty acids in cebum) - hair (sensory) - closely packed epithelial cells - sweat rich in salt & lysozymes - slothing of skin cells remoes pathogens |
|
|
Mucous Membranes:
* part of which defense system? * where are they & what do they do in that location (4) |
1st line of dense / non-specific
1. Eyes/ Tears = salts & lysozymes, flush out pathgens 2. Respiratory Tract = mucous/cilia escalator & normal flora 3. GI tract = acidic pH in stomach, bile, movement via peristalisis, iron-binding proteins (gasroferritin), normal flora 4. Genitourinary tract = urine - acidic pH, iron-binding proteins, flushing vagina - acidic pH |
|
|
Normal Microbiota:
1. part of which defense system 2. protective factors (3) |
1st line of defense / non-specific
1. competition for nutrients, receptors & growth/survival factors 2. producing inhibitory substances or toxic chemicals (bacteriocins) 3. Change the environment (O2 concentration, pH) |
|
|
(5) components of the 2nd line of defense & what type of defense is it (specific or non)?
|
* non-specific
1. complement system 2. inflammation 3. phagocytosis 4. fever 5. antimicrobial compounds (interferons, transferrin, antimicrobial peptides) |
|
|
Signs & symptoms associated with an inflammatory response?
Inflammation is part of which immune system? What is the purpose of an inflammation response? |
* warmth, redness, swelling, pain
* 2nd line of defense/non-specific * tissue repair, increased blood flow to bring in more repair agents/phagocytes/lymphocytes, to destroy pathogens, to prevent pathogen spread by forming blood clots |
|
|
Inflammatory Reponse: what happens during each phase?
1. vasodilation 2. phagocytic migration 3. phagocytic margination 4. phagocytic emigration |
1. vasodilation - caused by histamine & prostaglandins: brings in more nutrients, O2, phagocytes, leukocytes
2. migration - arrival of phagocytes in reponse to chemotactic factors (leukotrienes, C3a, C5a) 3. margination - phago's attach to endothelium of blood vessels 4. emigration - phago's are released thru endothelium gaps & go to infection site |
|
|
What types of WBCs are phagocytic in nature?
|
* neutrophils
* macrophages (monocytes are just immature macrophages or macrophages that are in transit to the infection site) |
|
|
Fixed vs. Wandering macrophages (examples of fixed only)
|
Wandering (out of b.vessels) = no examples given
Fixed - stay where they are = DENDRITIC cells in skin MICROGILIA in nervous tissue MACROPHAGES in lymph nodes KUPFFER cells in liver ALVEOLAR macro's in lungs LANGERHANS of epithelium |
|
|
Phagocytosis: belongs to which type of defense system & what happens at each step
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion 5. elimination |
* non-specific / 2nd line of defense
1. chemotaxis - movement of phago's to site in response to chemotactic factors (C3a, C5a) 2. adherence - cell membrane of phagocytes attaches to pathogen, mediated by pseudopods & enhanced by opsonization 3. ingestion - intake of pathogen by formation of phagosome vesicle formed by psuedopods 4. digestion - breakdown of pathogen using lysozymes, occure within phagolysosome (phagosome fuses with lysosome), residual body is formed (contains undigested material) 5. elimination - release of residual body & display of this material on cell membrane as an antigen |
|
|
Lysosomes contain...
Lysosomes also have highly reactive forms of ... |
digestinve enzymes (protease, nuclease, lipase)
O2 (H2O2, hypochlorite ion, OCl, OH) |
|
|
What is opsonization?
|
The coating of pathogens with specific proteins (opsonins) to make them easier to phagocytize.
Antibodies act as opsonins (molecules that stimulate phagocytosis). Phagos (monocytes & neutrophils) have receptors for Fc region of IgG, so IgG is what coats the cell with the pathogenic antigen & then the phagocytes come along & ingest the IgG & the antigens they carry |
|
|
What is ingestion & what structure in WBCs mediate this process?
|
Pathogen in taken in by the formation of phagosome vesicle (formed by psuedopods)
Psuedopods, which mediate the binding, intake & digestion of the pathogen. |
|
|
How is a bacterial cell digested inside of a phagocyte
|
* taken in via phagosome vesicle with is formed by psuedopod
* phagosome binds with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome. * lysosome O2 chemicals damage proteins & lipids in cell membrane, allowing lysosome enzymes to enter/destroy cell Lysosome's * enzymes -protease, nuclease, lipase * toxic O2 derivatives - O2, H2O2, -OH, -O2,NO |
|
|
What are interferons & is their purpose?
|
* proteins produced by infected cells in response to a viral infection (alpha, beta & gamma interferons)
* purpose = inhibit replication of viruses & also act as chemotactic factor * They are host specific, but not virus specific * 2nd line of defense/non-specific |
|
|
Alpha interferons are produced by...
|
monocytes & lymphocytes
|
|
|
Beta interferons are produced by...
|
fibroblasts
|
|
|
How do interferons prevent the spread of a viral infection?
|
* A & B have the same mechanism, but both can't be produced by 1 cell at the same time
* Mech = 1. pathogen RNA enters cell 2. infected host starts to produce interferons 3. interferons secreted & bind to receptors on neighboring, healthy cells * interferons turn on genes to synthesis antiviral proteins (AVPs) * AVPs degrade viral RNA & some inhibit protein synthesis in viruses (so replication is inhibited) * note - interferons cause the production of AVPs, but AVPs sit inactive in cell until they come into contact with double-stranded RNA. |
|
|
Gamma interferons are produced by ___ and activate ___ & ___
|
lymphocytes
activate microphages & neutrophils |
|
|
Why are gamma interferons are often used to treat viral diseases instead of beta & alpha?
Gamma interferons are also used to make 'Recombinant interferons' |
Gamma can be produced in large quantity & pure form
|
|
|
Define: Transferrin
* part of which line of defense? |
Iron-binding proteins in the blood that reduce the availabilty of free iron to pathogens
* 2nd line of defense/non-specific |
|
|
Define: Defensins
* part of which line of defense? |
Antimicrobial peptides with broad spectrum activity that inhibit metabolism & form holes in cell membrane
* 2nd line of defense/non-specific |
|
|
Define: pyrogen
|
fever inducing compound/susbtance
Examples: endotoxins, interleukin I |
|
|
Mechanism of a fever
|
* interleukins cause hypothalamus to reset internal thermostat
* hypothalamus releases prostaglandin * prostaglandin causes vaso constriction of bv's near skin, preventing body from cooling itself * metabolic rate increases as temp increases * when interleukin levels drop the thermostat is reset to normal |
|
|
Effects of a fever
|
Enhances overall immune response
- PROMOTES interferon activity & phagocytosis - INHIBITS pathogen growth |
|
|
What is the complement system?
It is a part of which defense system? |
2nd line of defense/non-specific
A group/family of complement proteins produced in the liver that initally act as opsonins & chemotactic factors, triggering fever & inflammation. Results in lysis of forgein cells |
|
|
Are complement proteins in the body in the absence of an antigen?
|
Yes, they are usually present in an inactive form.
When activated, they split into subunits (ex: C3 splits into C3a & C3b) |
|
|
Activation of which component protein is key to the activation of the complement system & why?
|
* C3
1. C3b opsonizises microbe 2. C3b then splits C5 into C5a & C5b 3. C3a & C5a cause mast cells to release histamine, resulting in inflammation (they act as chemotactic factors) 4. C5a also attracts phagocytes |
|
|
Results of the complement system (3)
|
1. enhanced phagocytosis
2. inflammation 3. histamine production |
|
|
chemotactic factors in each of the following processes:
1. opsonization (1) 2. inflammation (2) 3. cytolysis (5) |
Chemotactic factors = peptides derived from complement + cytokines
1. Opsonization - C3b 2. Inflammation - C3a + C5a 3. Cytolysis - C5b, C6, C7, C8 & C9 together form MAC (membrane attack complex), which forms holes in cell membrane |
|
|
Complement System: Classical Pathway is initiated/mediated by...
|
antibodies that are able to recognize glycoproteins & polysaccharide antigens
|
|
|
Complement System: Alternative Pathway is initiated/mediated by...
|
protein factors B, P & D, which bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or endotoxins
|
|
|
Complement System: Lectin Pathway is initiated/mediated by..
|
carbohydrate binding proteins that work against carbohydrate antignes
|
|
|
Complement System: How does it affect phagocytosis?
|
* C3b is envolved in opsonization of invading cell, enhancing phagocytosis
|
|
|
Complement System: How does it affect inflammation?
|
* C3a & C5a act as chemotactic factors to attrack phagocytes to infection site; cause mast cells to release histamine, which results in inflammation
|
|
|
Complement System: How does it cause cytolysis?
|
* C5b, C6, C7, C8 & C9 work together to form Membrane Attack Complex (MAC), which causes holes in pathogens membrane, resulting in lysis
|
|
|
Multiple Choice - Fixed phagocytes of the epidermis are called:
1. lysozymes 2. goblet cells 3. kupffer cells 4. dendritic cells |
dendritic
|
|
|
Multiple Choice - The complement system involves:
1. the production of antigens & antibodies 2. serum proteins involved in non-specific defense 3. a set of genes that distinguish foreign cells from body cells 4. the elimination of undigested remnants of microorganisms |
serum proteins involved in non-specific defense
|
|
|
Multiple Choice - The alternate pathways:
1. is also called the properdin pathway 2. involves the cleavage of C5 to form C9 3. is more efficient than the classical pathway 4. involves recognition of antigens bound to specific antibodies |
1. is also called the properdin pathway - B/D/P are considered properdin factors
* involves the cleavage of C5 to form C9 - FALSE, C5 is cleaved but doesn't form C9 * is more efficient than the classical pathway - FALSE, is less effective * involves recognition of antigens bound to specific antibodies - FALSE, classical does but not alternative |
|
|
Multiple Choice - Complement must be inactivated because if it were not:
1. viruses could continue to multiply inside host cells using the host's own metabolic machinery 2. necessary interferons would not be produced 3. protein synthesis would be inhibited, thus halting important cell processes 4. it would make holes in the body's own cells |
it would make holes in the body's own cells - - - since the complement system is non-specific, MACs could form on any cell's exposed membrane
|
|
|
The type of interferons present late in an infection are:
1. alpha 2. beta 3. gamma 4. delta |
Gamma - these are produced as part of the specific immune response days after the inital infection has occured
|
|
|
Multiple Choice - Interferons:
1. do not protect the cell that secrete them 2. stimulate the activity of neutrophils 3. cause muscle aches, chills & fever 4. all of the above |
All of the above
|
|
|
Fever is part of which immune system?
|
2nd line of defense / non-specific
|
|
|
Which of the following are in correct order?
1. the formation of a MAC, holes in the pathogens' membrane, a cascade of reactions, the binding of C1 2. the binding of C1, a cascade of reactions, the formation of a MAC, holes in the pathogen's membrane 3. a cascade of reactions, the binding of C1, the formation of a MAC, holes in the pathogen's cell membrane 4. the binding of C1, a cascade of reactions, holes in the pathogne's membrane, the formation of a MAC |
2 - the binding of C1, a cascade of reactions, the formation of a MAC, holes in the pathogen's membrane
|
|
|
Group the following into 1st, 2nd or 3rd lines of defense:
Inflammation Monocytes Cleavage of C3 Fever Dendritic cells Alpha-interferon Mucous Membranes Neutrophiles Epidermis Lysozyme Goblet cells Phagocytes Sebum T Lymphocytes Defensins |
1st: Dendritic cells (in skin), Mucous Membranes, Epidermis, Lysozyme, Goblet cells, Sebum
2nd: Inflammation, Monocytes, Cleavage of C3, Fever, Alpha-interferon, Neutrophiles, Phagocytes, Defensins 3rd: T Lymphocytes |
|
|
T/F: The surface cells of the epidermis are alive
|
false
|
|
|
T/F: The surface cells of the mucous membrane are alive
|
true
|
|
|
T/F: Monocytes are immature macrophages
|
true
|
|
|
T/F: Phagocytes exhibit chemotaxis toward a pathogen
|
True - they exhibit positive chemotaxis by moving toward an infection site
|
|
|
T/F: Adherence involves the binding between complementary chemicals on a phagocyte & on the membrane of a cell body
|
True - like to glycoproteins on cell membrane
|
|
|
T/F: Opsonins result when a phagocyte's pseudopodia surround a microbe and fuse to form a sac
|
False - this describes the fromation of a phagosome
|
|
|
T/F: Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes to from digestive vesicles
|
True - 'digestive vesicle' is another term for the phagolysosome that is formed by the fussion
|
|
|
T/F: The MAC drills holes in a macrophage
|
False - MAC's cause holes in pathogen's membranes
|
|
|
T/F: Redness, heat, swelling & pain are all associated with a fever
|
False - they are associated with inflammation
|
|
|
T/F: the hypothalamus of the brain controls body temperature
|
True - interleukins cause the hypothal to reset the internal thermostat
|
|
|
T/F: Defensins are phagocytic cells of the second line of defense
|
False - they are antimicrobial peptides with broad spectrum activity that inhibit metabolism & can form holes in pathogen's membrane
They do not act against cells of the animal that produces them |
|
|
Specific Immune Response:
* acquired over ... * has a ___ of previous antigen exposure * reponse time is ___ than a non-specific response * mediated mainly by ____ |
Specific Immune Response:
* acquired over time w/ exposure to different antigens * has a MEMORY of previous antigen exposure * reponse time is SLOWER than a non-specific response * mediated mainly by LYMPHOCYTES |
|
|
Humoral Response
* what? * mediated by? |
* response against antigens circulating in body fluides
* mediated by antibodies produced by B lymphocytes |
|
|
Cell Mediated Response
* what? * mediated by? |
* effective against intracellular pathogens & tumor cells
* mediated by T lymphocytes |
|
|
B lymphocytes mediate which type of immune response?
|
Humoral, which is a specific/3rd line of defense
|
|
|
Define: antigen
|
a foreign substance that induces an immune response
They can be proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides or nucleic acid in nature |
|
|
These are all examples of what?
cell wall components, flagella, fimbrae of bacteria, spikes, protein coat of virus, pollen, fungal spores, metals, certain food items, drugs |
foreign antigens
|
|
|
Properties of an effective antigen (3)
|
* complex structure
* 3D shape * high molecular mass (large size) |
|
|
Self Antigen vs. Foreign Angitgen
|
Self (autoantigen): antigenic molecules found on an individuals normal/uninfected cells
Foreign: antigens present on microbes, any foreign cells, or any foreign material (food, drug, spores, pollens) |
|
|
Exogenous antigens vs. Endogenous antigens
|
Exogenous: present OUTSIDE cell / on microbes that are circulating in body fluids
Endogenous: present on microbes that present INSIDE CELL (like viruses) and TUMOR cells also carry a type of endogenous antigens |
|
|
Epitopes
|
aka= antigenic determinant
* antibody binding site * part of antigen that is displayed as a distinct 3D structure that binds to antibody * each antibodies recognize specific eptitopes, but antigenic molecules can have various different epitopes * antigen-binding site on antibody is specific to specific antigens |
|
|
Antibodies
|
* antigen binding molecules
* proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to specific eptiopes * two antigen binding sites per antibody * bind to specific eptiopes |
|
|
List the 5 types of antibodies
|
IgG
IgM IgA IgE IgD |
|
|
IgG
|
* Most common Ab in body
* Crosses placenta & protects fetus * 80% of serum antibodies * Involved in complement activation * Involved in opsonization/neutralization of toxins & viruses * monomer |
|
|
IgM
|
* first Ab produced in response to infection (high concentration indicates current infection)
* Largest Ab * Complement activation (along with IgG) * Agglutinates/Neutralizes microbes * pentamer |
|
|
IgA
|
* Main Ab in secretions (mucus, milk)
* Mucosal protection against GI tract & respiratory tract infections * Agglutination & neutralization * dimer |
|
|
IgE
|
* allergic reactions & lysis of parasitic worms through antibody-dependent cell mediated immune response
* present on mast cells & basophils (triggers release of histamines from these cells) * 0.002% of serum antibodies |
|
|
IgD
|
* Present on surface of B cell
* Function unknown |
|
|
Antibody that has the highest levels in a healthy individual vs. Ab with lowest levels in a healthy person?
|
Highest in healthy = IgG
Lowest in health = IgE |
|
|
Ab type goes with each of the following?
1. found on B cells & unknown function 2. crosses placenta to fetus 3. present in body secretions 4. stimulates histamine release 5. concentrations become elevated when body is infected |
1. IgD (D = don't know)
2. IgG (G = gestational) 3. IgA (A = 4. IgE (E = allerg-E) 5. IgM (M = major infection) |
|
|
Results of antigen-antibody [Ag-Ab] interaction (6)
|
1. Agglutination
2. Opsonization 3. Neutralization 4. Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 5. Inflammation 6. Complement Activation |
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Agglutination
|
1. enhances phagocytosis & reduces # of infectious units to be dealt with
2. helps allow for eay recognition by immune cells |
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Opsonization
|
coating antigen with antibody to enhance phagocytosis
|
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Neutralization
|
blocks adhesion of viruses/toxins/pathogens to host tissue
|
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
|
1. Ab's attached to target cell cause destruction by non-specific immune system cells
2. very effective against parasitic worms (IgE & eosinophils high with parasites) 3. Eosinophils bind to IgE that is bound to helminth & in response eosinophil releases perforins |
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Inflammation
|
* distruption of cells by complement protein attracts phagocytes & other defensive immune system cells
* antigen triggers release of histamine/vasodilator from cell when it binds to the Ab that is attached to the Mast cell (connection chain goes mast cel >l Ab > antigen ) |
|
|
Ag-Ab Reactions: Complement activation results in...
|
cell lysis
|
|
|
Points about the structure of an antibody
* details about the 2 chains * what's the hinge * what makes up the stem? * where does Ag-Ab binding occur? * where does Ab-WBC binding occur? |
* Peptide chains
- 2 heavy (longer, form full Y shape) - 2 light (shorter, form just the split top fo the Y) * hinge = binding point btwn amino acid chains via disulfide bond * Stem = part of heavy chain only * Antigen binding site - 2 at the top of the non-stem end * WBC binding occurs at the Fc stem site |
|
|
B Lymphocytes / B cells:
* purpose of B cells = * covered with 250K - 500K ... * B cell receptors are... * Each person forms about 1 trillion different B cells, each with distinct... * Each B cell can recognize __ epitope(s) |
* purpose of B cells is ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
* covered with 250K - 500K B cell receptors (BCRs) * B cell receptors are antibodies embedded in the membrane * Each person forms about 1 trillion different B cells, each with distinct BCRs that recognize specific epitopes * each B cell can recognize ONE epitope |
|
|
T/F: In most cases B cells require the assistance of certain T cells inorder to mount a humoral immune response
|
True, these are T-dependent antigens (ex: glycoproteins, proteins, most other antigen types)
(examples of T-cell independent antigens = capsular polysaccharide) |
|
|
Helper T Cells
|
Type 1 Helpers (TH1) - assist cytotoxic T cells, cell mediated immunity
Type 2 Helpers (TH2) - function in conjunction with B cells by secreting cytokines, humoral immunity bc activate specifc B cells) * have CD4 (recognizes MHCs) types of glycoproteins on surface with TCR (T cell receptor) |
|
|
Which type of lymphocyte would help to fight off cancer cells, B or T?
|
T
|
|
|
__ cells act directly against antigens & do not secrete immunoglobulins, therefore their activity is considered Cell-Mediated Immune Response
|
T cell
|
|
|
Cytotoxic T cells
|
* directly kill other cells that are infected or abnormal
* distinguished by CD8 cell-surface glycoprotein & hundreds of TCRs |
|
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins (MHC's)
|
molecules that combine with antigen fragments, holding & positioning it for presentation to T cells
MHC's determine which antigen fragments trigger immune responses - - if it can't bind to an MHC, it won't trigger a response |
|
|
Define: cytokines
|
* chemical messengers btwn immune cells
* WBCs communicate thru cytokines called Interleukins (IL1 & IL2) |
|
|
MHC I vs MHC II
|
MHC I - present on all nucleated cells in body, present endogenous antigens on infected/tumor cells
MHC II = present exogenous antigens on the surface of APCs (found on B cells, macrophages, dendritic) |
|
|
Humoral Response Mechanism Involving Helper T Cells
|
1. B cell activation against T cells independent antigens
2. Proliferation and differentiation of activated B cells 3. Antibody production by plasma cells |
|
|
Humoral Response Mechanism Involving Helper T Cells
|
1. antigen PRESENTATION by APC (phagocytosis reminants combined with MHC II)
2. RECOGNITION by helperT; upon recognition APC releases IL1, which stimulates helperT to release IL2 3. Helper T comes ACTIVATED 4. PROLIFERATION & DIFFERENTIATION of helperT into memory & mature helper T's (majority become mature) 5. Further differentiation of mature helper T's into TH1 & TH2 6.ACTIVATION of epitope specific B cell by differentiated TH2 cell by release of cytokines 7. Proliferation & differentiation of activated B cell into MEMORY B cells & PLASMA cells 8. Antibody PRODUCTION by plasma B cells |
|
|
What is the purpose of CD4s & TCRs on the membrane of Helper T cells?
|
CD4 = recognize MHCs
TCR = T cell receptor |
|
|
If MHC II are linked to exogenous antigens and MHC I are linked to endogenous antigens, which type of MHC is present in humoral vs. cell mediated responses?
|
Humoral = has to be MHC II bc EXOgenous
Cell Mediated = has to be MHC I bc INTRAcellular |
|
|
Mechamism of Cell Mediated Immune Repsonse
|
1. APC PRESENATION of MHC I - Ag complex
2. RECOGNITION by helper T 3. Helper T DIFFERENTIATE into memory & TH2 cells 4. ACTIVATION of specific cytotoxic T cells (clonal selection) 5. DESTRUCTION of infected/abnormal cell by either Perforin Granzyme or CD9 Cytotoxic pathway (apoptosis) |
|
|
Two pathways to destruction in the cell mediated immune response and what cell type initiates these responses?
|
Perforin Granzyme -perforins released by Cytotic T cell puncture membrane of infected/abnormal cell, Granzymes go into cell & trigger apoptotis; cell lyses
CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway - triggers apoptosis |
|
|
What type of Helper T is associated with humoral immunity? Why?
What type is associated with Cellular Immunity? Why? |
TH2 = humoral immunity bc activate specifc B cells
TH1 = cell mediated immunity bc assist cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Types of Immunity:
1. Natural Active 2. Natural Passive 3. Artificial Active 4. Artificla Passive |
1. Natural Active - response to exposure
2. Natural Passive - mother to child 3. Artificially Active - vaccines 4. Artificially Passive - anti-venom |
|
|
Primary Immune Response
|
* B cells & Helper T cells react to new antigen
* small amount of antibodies produced & it may take days/weeks to build up enough to completely eliminate the toxoid from body * Response cycle ends when clone of plasma cells dies |
|
|
Secondary Immune Response
|
* Memory B cells from the primary immune response proliferate/differentiate rapidly into plasma cells without requiring interaction from APCs
* Large quantity of antibodies produced quickly * Much faster & more effective than primary response |
|
|
Eosinophils:
1. phagocytize... 2. secrete enzymes to... 3. also aggregate & release enzymes that |
1. allergens, inflammatory chemicals, antigen-antibody complexes
2. block excess inflammation & limit histamine action 3. have an antiparasitic effect |
|
|
B cell vs T cell receptors (structural differences)
|
BCRs =
* these are on antibodies * shaped more like a regular Ab w/ 2 Ag binding sites TCRs = * along with CD4, bind directly to Ag/MHCII complex on APC * present on TH1's * 2 poly peptide chains w/ a groove btwn them that acts as the Ag binding site |
|
|
MHC II molecules bind to ___ and trigger ___.
|
MHC II molecules bind to EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS and trigger HELPER T CELLS.
|
|
|
Which type of lymphocyte predominates in blood?
|
T cells
|
|
|
The major class of immunoglobulin found on the the surfaces of the wall of the intestines & airways is....
|
IgA
|
|
|
Which cells express MHC I molecules:
1. RBCs 2. APCs only 3. Neutrophils only 4. all nucleated cells 5. dendritic cells only |
all nucleated cells
|
|
|
T/F: MHC II molecules are found of T cells
|
False: MHC II molecules are found on B cells & APCs
|
|
|
T/F: T cells only respond to MHC II's
|
F - T cells respond to both - Cytotoxic T cells respond to MHC I and Helper T cells respond to MHC II
|
|
|
T/F: Lymphocytes with CD8 glycoprotein are Helper T cells
|
False - Lymphocytes with CD8 glycoprotein are CYTOTOXIC T cells
|
|
|
T/F: Cytotoxic T cells secrete immunoglobulin
|
False - Plasma cells (a type of B cell) secrete immunoglobulin
|
|
|
T/F: secretion on immunoglobulin by activated B cells is a form of cell-mediated immunity
|
False - it's humoral immunity bc the Ig is released into blood & lymph system
|
|
|
Match:
1. Plasma cell 2. Cytotoxic cell 3. TH2 cell 4. Dendritic cell A. MHC II protein B. Interleukin-4 C. Perforin & Granzyme D. Immunoglobulin |
1D - plasma + Ig
2C - cytotoxic + perforin/granzyme 3B - TH2 + interleukin 4 4A - dendritic + MHCII |
|
|
Match:
1. artificial passive 2. artificial active 3. natural active 4. natural passive A. Production of IgE in response to pollen B. Acquisition of maternal antibodies in breast milk C. Tetnus shot D. Administration of an antitoxin |
a. passive - antitoxin
a. active - tetnus shot p. active - IgE production p. passive - material antibodies |
