Meninges And Cranial Vault

Front 1

What are the meingal layers?

Back 1

Dura, arachnoid, and Pia mater

Front 2

Describe the Dura Mater

Back 2

Outer most later, thicket and toughest layer

-Periosteal and meningeal layer

Front 3

Periosteal vs Meningeal layers

Back 3

P: Adherent to bony walls of cranium

M: Forms reflections

-Provides support and determines how the brain is displaced with increased intracranial pressure

Front 4

What is the Tentorium Cerebelli

Back 4

Primary fold

Lies between cerebrum and cerebellum

Spereates cranial cavity into supratentorial and infratentorial comp

Front 5

Falx Cerebri

Back 5

Lies within the Longitudinal cerebral fissure. divides supratentorial in two

Front 6

Falx Cerebelli

Back 6

Lies in the posterior cranial fossa between the cerebellar hemispheres

Front 7

Disphragma Sellae

Back 7

Forms roof of hypophyseal fossa and surrounds the pituitary stalk

Front 8

Where are the dural venous sinuses?

Back 8

At the edges of the dural reflections

Main venous drainage channels for the brain

Venous sinuses allow for CSF drainage via arachnoid granulations

Front 9

What are the sinuses of the brain?

Back 9

Transverse

Superior Sagittal

Inferior Sagittal

Straight Sinus

Occipital sinus

Confluens of Sinuses

Front 10

Where is the Transverse sinus

Back 10

Margin of Tentorium cerebelli

Front 11

Where is the Superior Sagittal sinus?

Back 11

Edge of Falx Cerebri. Drains into right Transverse

Front 12

Where is the Inferior Sagittal sinus

Back 12

Free edge of Falx Cerebri

Front 13

Where is the straight sinus?

Back 13

Attachment of Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.

Drains into left transverse sinus.

From deep brains structures

Front 14

Where is the occipital sinus

Back 14

Attached margin of falx cerebelli

Front 15

Where is the Confluens of Sinuses

Back 15

Formed by the junction of the straight, superior sagittal, and transverse sinuses.

Front 16

Dural Innervation

Back 16

Dura is innervated by nociceptive afferents that enter the CNS via branches of the Trigenminal nerve

Front 17

What are meningeal headaches

Back 17

Irritation due to infection, hemorrhage and tends to refer pain to the face (supratentoral)

Back in the back of the head and nack (infratentoral)

Front 18

Blood supply for the meninges

Back 18

Middle meningeal artery - branch of maxillary artery and supplies the dura matter.

Front 19

What is an epidural Hematoma

Back 19

Damage to the middle meningeal artery (skull fracture). Can cause the dura to strip away from the bone.

Front 20

Describe the Arachnoid mater

Back 20

delicate, avascular, loosely adherent to the inner border cells of the dura

Front 21

What does the arachnoid mater contain?

Back 21

Outer cell barrier that seperates CSF and subarachnoid space. Aracnoid trabeculae - fibroblasts that join with the pia mater, help to suspend the brain wthin the cranium.

Front 22

Describe inflammation of the meninges

Back 22

Infection often spreading through the subarachnoid space wsith CSF.

Can be caused by bacteria, viral, fungal

Front 23

How is CSF altered during infection

Back 23

Increased WBC and protein. Glucose concentration may also be altered (dec with bact. meningitis)

Front 24

Meningeal signs of infection?

Back 24

Headache, fever, lethargy, stiff neck

Front 25

Describe the Pia Mater

Back 25

adherent to the contours of the brain and generally not observed on gross examination.

Front 26

What does the Pia Mater do?

Back 26

Pial cells penetrate in to the parenchyma, forming a perivascular space (Virchow-Robin space)

May provide communication between extracellular space in parenchyma and suparachnoid space

Helps anchor the spinal cord within the subarachnoid space.

Front 27

What happens is a superficial blood vessel ruptures in the subarachnoid space?

Back 27

May result in signs related to increased intracranial pressure

Front 28

Where are superficial cerebral veins susceptible to tearing?

Back 28

Where they enter the dural sinuses "bridging veins". Blood will collect in the space between the dura and arachnoid mater forming subdural hematoma

Front 29

What are the three areas of the floor of the cranial cavity?

Back 29

Anterior, Middle, Posterior cranial fossa

Front 30

What makes up the Anterior cranial fossa?

Back 30

Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid bones

Front 31

What is the Crista Galli?

Back 31

midline bondy ridge, provides a point of attachment for the falx cerebri

Front 32

What forms the posterior border of the cranial fossa?

Back 32

Lesser wing of the sphenoid and sphenoid limbus

Front 33

What is the anterior clinoid process?

Back 33

Medial end of the lesser wing of the sphenoid.

Forms an attachement point for the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli.

Front 34

Where are the olfactory bulbs?

Back 34

Accomodated by the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone on each side

Front 35

What makess up the middle cranial fossa?

Back 35

Sphenoid, temporal, and parietal

Front 36

What are the features of the middle cranial fossa?

Back 36

Sella turcica in the midline and deep convacities on each side.

Bounded anteriorly by lesser wings of the sphenoid bones and posteriorly by the superior border of the petrous temporal bones

Front 37

What forms the depressions in the middle cranial fossa?

Back 37

Greater wing of sphenoid (ant), Squamous temporal and parietal bone (Lat), Petrous temporal bone (pos)

Front 38

Where is the hypophyseal fossa?

Back 38

Part of the sella turcica

Bounded ant by tuberculum sellae and post by the dorsum sellae

Front 39

Where is the Carotid groove?

Back 39

Either side of the sell turcica and marks path of the internal carotid artery through the cavernous sinus

Front 40

Where is the trigeminal depression?

Back 40

Behind the foramen lacerum near apex of the petrous temporal bone

Front 41

What is the tegmen tympani?

Back 41

Thin ossesou plate that serves the dual purpose of forming the an surface of the petrous temporal bone within the cranial cavity and the roof of the tympanic and mastoid antrum

Front 42

What craddles the temporal lobes

Back 42

Laterally located concavities of the middle cranial fossa

Front 43

What encapsulates the pituitary gland

Back 43

Diaphragma Sella and Hypophyseal fossa

Front 44

What composes the Posterior cranial fossa?

Back 44

Sphenoid, occipital, temporal bones

Front 45

What is the internal occipital crest

Back 45

descends from the internal occipital protuberance to divide the cerebellar fossa in the midline. The crest provides an attachment site for the falx cerebelli

Front 46

What is the Foramen Magnum

Back 46

Large opening in floor of posterior cranial fossa

Junction of spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Front 47

What is contained in the posterior cranial fossa

Back 47

Cerebellum inbetween the cerebellar fossa of occipital bone

Pons and medulla resting on shelf of the clivus.

Front 48

What composes the Clivus

Back 48

Posterior part of the sphenodial body to which it is attached and the dorsum sellae

Front 49

What is the tentorial notch

Back 49

Free edge of tentorium cerebelli

Encircles the midbrain

Front 50

Sign and symptoms of increased ICP

Back 50

Headache, Vomitting, drowsiness, cranial nerve signs, coma, death

Front 51

Common causes of ICP

Back 51

Tumors hemorrhage and disruption of CSF circulation

Front 52

What surrounds the Optic nerve

Back 52

Extensions of the meninges inclduing the subarachnoid space.

Front 53

Increase CSF and venous return

Back 53

May slow venous return and interfere with neuronal axoplasmic transport resulting in pailledema (swelling of the optic disc)

Front 54

Where does the oculomotor nerve travel

Back 54

exists the midbrain and travels anteriorly to enter the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli

Front 55

Where does the abducent nerve travel

Back 55

Exits the brainstem in the pos cranial fossa and travels upward to enter the dural covering of the clivus.

Front 56

ICP and Abducent/Oculomotor nerves

Back 56

Very susceptible to damage due to ICP as the stretch over infelxible barriers.