Medical Microbiology Lecture 3: Growth Control

Front 1

Aseptic technique

Back 1

a procedure used by medical staff to keep patients free from infectious microorganisms

Front 2

What is the goal of aseptic technique?

Back 2

To reach a sepsis

Front 3

What is Asepsis?

Back 3

means an environment free of any harmful microorganisms

Front 4

Differences between 19th century surgery room and a 20 century surgery room:

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- Face masks - Ordinary sowing thread to stitch wounds - Surgical tools are not sterilized - Surgery room was not disinfected - No antibiotics id pt got infected

Front 5

First surgeon to use disinfectant on surgical room

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Joseph Lister used Carbonic acid (phenol)

Front 6

Growth control of microorganisms

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- infection control

Front 7

Industries where growth control of microorganisms is practiced:

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Food industry, water treatment. Pharmaco-chemical industry, Fuel and energy industry

Front 8

Infection control shares the same background of

Back 8

microbial growth control

Front 9

Two parts of infectious disease control

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Sterilization and disinfection

Front 10

Sterilization

Back 10

Complete killing or removal

Front 11

Disinfection/sanitization

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Partial killing; population control; dropping below ID,

Front 12

Antiseptic

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disinfecting agents used on body surface

Front 13

Disinfectants

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Disinfecting agents that cannot be used on body surfaces

Front 14

4 controlling factors

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Nutrient availability, Physio-chemical/environmental parameters, Competition, Host immune system

Front 15

main controllable Physio-chemical/environmental parameters

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Temperature, water availability, Drug, ETC

Front 16

Sterilization techniques

Back 16

Heat, gas, UV/ionization, Filtration

Front 17

Heat sterilization example

Back 17

autoclave

Front 18

Gas sterilization example

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Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde

Front 19

U/V ionization radiation as a sterilizing agent...

Back 19

is less effective because microbes can revert

Front 20

Filtration sterilization

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<0.2 um; for bacterial but nor for viral

Front 21

Explanation of filter size for filtering sterilization

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Theoretical size of bacteria 1 um; endospores 0.25um

Front 22

Virion

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Virus particles outside of host; inert

Front 23

Difference between virion and virus:

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virus is metabolically active

Front 24

Physical disinfection techniques

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Filtration ( pore size >0.2), Pasteurization, Microwaves

Front 25

Chemical disinfection techniques:

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Alcohol, Halogens, Hydrogen peroxide, surfactants, Phenolic, Aldehydes

Front 26

Halogens used as disinfectants

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Iodine, chlorine, Hypochlorite

Front 27

Percentage of alcohol that is most effective for disinfection

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70%; because it contains enough water to permeate the cell membrane; when it evaporates the cells is dried: this works exceptionally well on fungal cells.

Front 28

Classic antibiotics

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Antibacterial

Front 29

Modern antibiotics

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antibacteria;, antiviral, antifungal

Front 30

Biocidal

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Kills microbes

Front 31

Biostatic

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Stops the growth of microbes

Front 32

Essential feature of antibiotics that separates them from antiseptics...

Back 32

The can be administered INSIDE our bodies

Front 33

Produce antibacterial drugs

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Penicillium or steptomyces

Front 34

Bacteriocidal

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growth inhibition and killing

Front 35

Bacteriostatic

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growth inhibition

Front 36

Target of antibacterial drugs

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Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, Nucleic acif synthesis, membrane structure

Front 37

Antibacterial drug that targets cell wall synthesis

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Mostly beta lactam class

Front 38

Antibacterial drugs that target protein synthesis

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Tetracyclinees, Macrolides, Aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol

Front 39

Antibacterial drugs that target nucleic acid sythesis

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Quinolones, folate, inhibitors (sulfonamides), rifampin

Front 40

Antibacterial drugs that target membrane structure

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Polymyxin B, Deptomycin

Front 41

Activity level of autoclave and spectrum

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Sterilizing; high; general usage

Front 42

Activity level and spectrum of Boiling

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High; Most pathogens, some spores, general useage

Front 43

Activity level of Pasteurization and spectrum

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Sterilizing; all; general usage

Front 44

Activity level of ethylene oxide gas and specturm

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Sterilizing; all ; Potentially explosive so aeration required

Front 45

Ultra violet radiation activity level and spectrum

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Sterilizing; all; Poor penetration

Front 46

Ionizing radiation activity level and spectrum

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Sterilizing; all; general and food usage

Front 47

Alcohol activity level and spectrum

Back 47

Intermediate; Vegetative bacteria, fungi, and some viruses

Front 48

Hydrogen peroxide activity level and spectrum

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High; Vegetative bacteria and fungi; contact lenses; inactivated by organic matter

Front 49

Chlorine activity level and spectrum

Back 49

High; viruses, vegetative bacteria, and fungi; water; inactivated by organic matter

Front 50

Idophors activity level and spectrum

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Intermediate; Viruses, vegetative bacteria, and fungi; Skin disinfection; inactivated by organic matter

Front 51

Phenolics activity level and spectrum

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Intermediate; some viruses, vegetative bacteria, fungi; handwashing

Front 52

Glutaraldehyde activity level and spectrum

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High; all; use on endoscopes and other equipment

Front 53

Quaternary ammonia compounds activity level and spectrum

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Low; most bacteria and fungi; lipophilic viruses; used for general cleaning; inactivated by organic matter.

Front 54

Beta lactam class antibiotics mainly work on....

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Gram + bacteria

Front 55

_______ spectrum antibiotics are more effective if you know the cause of the infection

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narrow ( more specific)

Front 56

Challenge when using anti-fungal drugs:

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they are hard on the human liver and considered as toxins.

Front 57

An antibiotic which is effective against obligate parasitic Bacteria and which has the broadest spectrum

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Tetracyclince

Front 58

Good at treating gram negatives and mycobacterium with a broad spectrum

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streptomyocin

Front 59

Downsides for antifungal drugs

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Few available, less stable activities, can be toxic to humans, poor diffusion into tissues, superficial and self limiting

Front 60

Fungal infections become problematic in immunocompromised individuals because;

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they invade deeper into the tissues and become systemic

Front 61

Down sides of antiviral drugs:

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few, available, narrow spectrum, biostatic, toxicity to host

Front 62

What do biostatic antiviral medications do?

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inhibit viral replication and limit or slow viral infection cycle

Front 63

Antiviral actions of mechanism

Back 63

Inhibitors of attachment, inhibitors of penetration and uncoating, inhibitors of release, inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibitors of reverse transcriptase, inhibitors of viral assembly