Medical Asepsis

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Infection

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is an invasion of the body tissue by microorganism and their proliferation there; a disease state that results from the presence of pathogen in or on the body

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Resident Flora

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a collective vegetation in a given area that may cause infection when transferred to another area

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Virulence

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the ability to produce disease

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Sepsis

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the state of infection and can take many forms, including septic shock

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Asepsis

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it is the state of being free from disease – causing contaminants (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) or, preventing contact with microorganisms

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Contact

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a person or an animal known or believed to have been exposed to disease

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Reservoir

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the natural habitat for the growth and multiplication of microorganism

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Disinfectant

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a substance, usually intended for use on inanimate objects such as thermometer and surgical instruments which destroys pathogens but generally not the spores (e.g. isopropyl and ethyl alcohol, chlorine, lysol)

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Antiseptic

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a substance, usually intended for use on persons that inhibit the growth of pathogens but not necessarily destroy them (e.g. povidone iodine, hydrogen peroxide, listerine)

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Contamination

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the process by which something is rendered unclean or unsterile

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Spores

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a minute, typically one – celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to new individua

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Communicable Disease

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results if the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact through a vector or vehicle or as an airborne infection

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Infectious Disease

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results from the invasion and multiplication of microorganism in the host

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Pathogen

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a disease – producing microorganism

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Carrier

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a person or an animal, who is without signs of illness but who has pathogens within his body that can be transferred to another

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Isolation

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the separation of persons with communicable diseases from other persons so that either direct or indirect transmission to susceptible person is prevented.

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Islolation Technique

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measures to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious organisms to health personnel, client and visitors

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Reverse Isolation

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measures to protect highly susceptible (compromised) clients from infection

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Etiology

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the study of causes

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Opportunist

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bacteria that are potentially harmfu

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Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895)

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He proposed the germ cell theory of disease • He stated that disease is caused by germs – microorganism • Father of microbiology

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Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818 – 1865) and Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809 – 1894)

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Demonstrated that puerperal fever was carried from patient to patient by doctors • Promoted handwashing as a means of reducing the spread of puerperal fever to women in childbirth

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Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912)

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He was the first to realize that Pasteur’s germ theory had implications for surgery • He realized the need to kill the germs in the operating theatre • He developed Antiseptic Surgery and the results were dramatic • He tested the results of spraying carbolic acid on instruments, the surgical incisions, and dressings with a solution of it

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William Halsted (1852 – 1922)

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Emphasized the need to wear hats, gloves, masks, and protective clothing to limit germs in the operating environment

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Gram – positive bacteria

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bacteria that have thick cell wall that resist colonization (S. aureus)

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Gram – negative bacteria

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bacteria that have chemically more complex wall (E. coli)

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Aerobic Bacteria

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bacteria that require oxygen to live (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

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Anaerobic Bacteria

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bacteria that can live without oxygen (Clostridium tetani)

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Contact Precautions

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prevent direct and indirect contact transmissions of infectious pathogens like those found in infected wounds, infectious diarrhea, and infections such as herpes simplex;

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Preacutionary Measures

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Droplets Preacaution

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are used to prevent the transmission of pathogens that are transmitted with a cough or sneeze, therefore, face masks are indicated for these precautions;

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Preacutionary Measures

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Airborne Precaution

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are used for airborne transmission microbes like tuberculosis which requires a negative pressure private room and a HEPA mask.

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Preacutionary Maesures

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Medical Asepsis

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Known as “clean technique” Includes procedures used to REDUCE the number of microorganisms and prevent their spread It is followed while examining patients and doing minor procedures such as IV cannula insertion etc

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Surgical Asepsis

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Known as “sterile technique” It is defined as the COMPLETE REMOVAL of microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object The practice of surgical asepsis begins with cleaning the object using the principles of medical asepsis followed by a sterile process

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Local Infection

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limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain (e.g. boil of the hand)

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Types of Infection

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Systemic Infection

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microorganisms spread and damage different parts of the body (e.g. ruptured appendicitis)

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Bacteremia

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when a culture of the person’s blood reveals microorganisms

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Types of Infection

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Septicemia

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when bacteremia results in systemic infection

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Types of Infection

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Acute Infection

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generally appear suddenly or last a short time (e.g. acute appendicitis)

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Chronic infection

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may occur slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years (e.g. chronic Hepatitis B)

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Types of Infection

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Nosocomial Infection

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are classified as infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in a health care facility (e.g. common are UTI and Pneumonia)

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Types of infection

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Latrogenic Infection

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are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedure (e.g. bacteremia resulting from an intravascular line)

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Sterilization

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Is a process by which all microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses and the bacterial spores are killed