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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 tenets of cell theory |
1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life. 3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells. 4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell. |
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Why are viruses not considered living things? |
acellular can't reproduce without the assistance of a host cell may contain RNA as their genetic material |
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Describe eukaryotes. |
membrane-bound organelles nucleus may form multicellular organisms |
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The cell membrane and membranes of organelles are made up of _________. |
phospholipids |
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The ________ suspends the organelles and allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell. |
cytosol |
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The __________ is a subsection of the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized. |
nucleolus |
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Mitochondria contain an outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into ________ and contains ________. Between the membranes is the ________; inside the inner mitochondrial membrane is the ________. Mitochondria can divide independently of the nucleus via ________; they can trigger ________ by releasing mitochondrial enzymes into the cytoplasm. |
cristae enzymes for the electron transport chain intermembrane space mitochondrial matrix binary fission apoptosis |
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________ contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products. When these enzymes are released by ________, ________ of the cell can occur. |
lysosomes autolysis apoptosis |
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The _________ is contiguous with the nuclear envelope. Its single membrane is folded into numerous invaginations, creating complex structures with a central ________. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen. The smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is utilized for ________. |
endoplasmic reticulum lumen lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and transport of proteins from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus |
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The ________ modifies cellular products from the endoplasmic reticulum by the addition of various groups, including carbohydrates, phosphates and sulfates. |
Golgi apparatus |
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________ are membrane-bound organelles, which contain peroxide. They participate in the synthesis of ________ and contain some of the enzymes involved in the ________. |
peroxisomes phospholipids phosphate pathway |
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3 components of the cytoskeleton
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microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments |
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Microfilaments are made up of ________. They provide structural protection of the cell and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with ________. They also help form the ________ during ________ in mitosis. |
actin myosin cleavage furrow cytokinesis |
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Microtubules are composed of ________. They create pathways for motor proteins like _______ to carry vesicles. ________ are involved in movement of materials along cell surface and ________ are involved in movement of actual cell. Both of these are composed of ________. _______ are the organizing center for microtubules, are found in the ________ and consist of ________. They organize the ________, which attaches to the _______ during mitosis and pulls sister chromatids apart. |
tubulin kinesin and dynein cilia flagella nine pairs of microtubules in a circle with two microtubules in the middle (9+2 structure) centrioles centrosome nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow center mitotic spindle kinetochores |
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_________ are involved in cell-cell adhesion and anchoring organelles. They differ by cell types, but common examples include _______. |
intermediate filaments keratin and desmin |
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4 tissue types |
epithelial tissue connective tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue |
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_________ covers the body and lines its cavities. It is tightly joined to an underlying layer of connective tissue known as the ________. This type of tissue cells form the _______, or the functional parts of organs. They are polarized - one side faces a _________ (the hollow inside of an organ or tube) or ________, while the other side interacts with ________. They can be classified based on number of layers. (List) They can be classified based on shape. (List) |
epithelial tissue basement membrane parenchyma lumen the outside world blood vessels and structural cells simple epithelia (one layer) stratified epithelia (multiple layers) pseudostratified epithelia (only appear to have multiple layers due to differences in cell height) cuboidal columnar squamous (flat and scalelike) |
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________ are the main contributors to the support structure of an organ, which is called the _______. Cells in these tissues produce and secrete materials like collagen and elastin to form the ________. Examples include ________. |
connective tissues stroma extracellular matrix bones cartilage tendons ligaments adipose tissue blood |
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Describe prokaryotes. |
single-cell organism no membrane-bound organelles (including no nucleus) organize their genetic material in a single circular molecule of DNA concentrated in the nucleoid region |
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3 domains of life (list and say if they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic) |
Archaea (prokaryotic) Bacteria (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic) |
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_________ are often extremophiles, living in harsh environments (high temperature, high salinity, no light) and often using alternative sources of energy, like ________. They have similarities to both eukaryotes (list) and bacteria (list). |
archaea chemosynthesis start translation with methionine similar RNA polymerases associate DNA with histones single circular chromosome divide by binary fission or budding |
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Bacteria have many similar structures to eukaryotes (list) and have complex relationships with humans including symbiosis (give example) and pathogenesis. They can be classified by shape (list and describe). They can be classified based on metabolic processes (list and describe). |
cell membrane cytoplasm flagella or fimbriae (~cilia) bacteria in the gut producing vitamin K and biotin cocci (spherical) bacilli (rod-shaped) spirilli (spiral-shaped) obligate aerobes (require oxygen for metabolism) obligate anaerobes (cannot survive in oxygen-containing environments and can only carry out anaerobic metabolism) faculative anaerobes (can survive in environments with or without oxygen and will toggle metabolic processes based on the environment) aerotolerant anaerobes (cannot use oxygen for metabolism, but can survive in an oxygen-containing environment) |
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The cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria form the ________. Together they control the movement of solutes into and out of the cell. Bacteria can be classified by the color their cells walls turn during Gram staining with a _______ stain, followed by a counterstain with _______. Gram-positive bacteria turn _______, while gram-negative bacteria turn _______. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of _______. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall composed of _______ and an outer membrane containing _______. |
envolope crystal violet safranin purple pink-red peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid peptidoglycan phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides |
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Bacteria may have one, two or many flagella that generate propulsion to move the bacterium toward food or away from immune cells. Moving in response to chemical stimuli is called _______. Bacterial flagella contain a _______ composed of flagellin, a ________ that anchors and rotates the flagellum, and a _______ that connects the two. |
chemotaxis filament basal body hook |
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Prokaryotes may acquire DNA from external sources which is carried on smaller circular structures known as _______. Prokaryotes lack several key organelles, such as _______. Instead, the _______ is used for the electron transport chain and generation of ATP. Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes (specify). |
plasmids mitochondria cell membrane 30S and 50S vs. 40S and 60S |
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Prokaryotes multiply through _______, in which the chromosome replicates while the cell grows in size, until the cell wall begins to grow inward along the midline of the cell and divides it into two identical daughter cells. |
binary fission |
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In addition to the single circular chromosome in prokaryotes, extrasomal material can be carried in plasmids. Plasmids may contain antibiotic resistance genes or ________, which are traits that increase how pathogenic a bacterium is. Plasmids that can integrate into the genome are called _______. |
virulance factors episomes |
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Bacterial genetic recombination increases bacterial diversity. ________ is the acquisition of genetic material from the environment, which can be integrated into the bacterial genome. _______ is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a _______; a plasmid can be transferred from ______ to _______, or a portion of the genome can be transferred from a _______ to a recipient. ______ is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector. _______ are genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome. |
transformation conjugation conjugation bridge F+ cells F- cells Hfr cell transduction transposons |
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Bacterial growth follows a predictable pattern: The bacteria adapt to new local conditions during the _______. Growth then increases exponentially during the _______. As resources are reduced, growth levels off during the _______. As resources become insufficient, bacteria undergo a _______. |
lag phase exponential (log) phase stationary phase death phase |
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Viruses contain _______. |
genetic material (DNA or RNA, circular or linear, single or double stranded) protein coat (capsid) sometimes a lipid-containing envelope (enveloped viruses are easier to kill) |
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Viruses are _______, meaning that they cannot survive and replicate outside of a host cell. Individual virus particles/viral progeny are called _______. |
obligate intracellular parasites virions |
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_______ are viruses that target bacteria. In addition to the other structures, they contain a _______, which injects the genetic material into a bacterium, and _______, which allows the bacteriophage to attach to the host cell. |
bacteriophages tail sheath tail fibers |
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Single-stranded RNA viruses may be _______ (can be translated by the host cell) or _______ (a complimentary strand must be synthesized using _______, which can then be translated). _______ contain a single-stranded RNA genome, to which a complementary DNA strand is made using _______. The DNA strand can then be integrated into the genome. |
positive sense negative sense RNA replicase retroviruses reverse transcriptase |
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How do viruses infect cells? |
1. attach to specific receptors on cell 2. either fuse with plasma membrane (brought in by endocytosis) OR inject their genome into the cell |
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The virus reproduces by replicating and translating genetic material using the host cell's _______. |
ribosomes tRNA amino acids enzymes |
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Viral progeny are released through _______. |
cell death lysis extrusion (fusing with plasma membrane) |
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Bacteriophages have two specific life cycles: In the _______, the bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses. Bacteria in this phase are termed _______. In the _______, the virus integrates into the host genome as a _______, which can then reproduce along with the cell. Eventually, the _______ leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time and enters the lytic cycle. |
lytic cycle virulent lysogenic cycle provirus or prophage provirus or prophage |
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________ are infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually converting an α-helical structure to a β-pleated sheet. This decreases the solubility and degradibility of the misfolded protein. |
prions |
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_______ are plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangements of the cell and, potentially, cell death. |
viroids |
