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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fungi-- What are some examples? |
molds, yeasts, mushrooms |
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Fungi-- What is Mycology? |
study of fungus |
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What does the cell wall contain? |
chitin |
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What do fungal membranes typically contain? |
ergosterol |
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What is ergosterol? |
steroid unique to fungus; often target for anti-fungal medications |
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Fungi-- Fungi are heterotrophic. What does this mean? |
has to seek out food/cannot make it |
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Fungi-- Fungi are saprophytic. What does this mean? |
obtains nutrients from dead organic material |
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Along with bacteria, what are fungi? |
principle decomposers |
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Can fungi degrade cellulose? |
yes |
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Fungi-- What does it release into the atmosphere? |
CO2 |
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Fungi-- What does it release into the soil? |
nitrogen compounds |
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Fungi-- Some act as parasites of living tissue. What do they infect? |
Very few infect humans. Many plant infections are caused by fungi. |
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Are most fungi unicellular or multicellular? |
multicellular |
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Structure of Fungi-- They are composed of hyphae. What are hyphae? |
Thin thread like filaments |
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What 2 important jobs does hyphae have? |
--reproduction |
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Structure of Fungi-- What is mycelium? |
visible mass of hyphae |
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The high surface-to-volume ratio of hyphae aids in what? |
nutrient absorption |
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Structure of Fungi-- What kind of environment do they like? |
moist |
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What can they synthesize? |
antimicrobial medicines like penicillin |
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Yeasts are genetically engineered to produce what? |
important molecules including human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine |
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What is saccharomyces cerevisiae? |
brewer's yeast or baker's yeast; used in the production of wine, beer, and bread |
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Economics of Fungi-- What else is fungi useful in making? |
cheese |
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Fungi can also do what to food? |
spoil it |
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Economics of Fungi-- Causes crop diseases that impose how much in costs? |
billions of dollars |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What are the 3 general ways humans are affected by fungi? |
--toxicities --mycoses |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What are some examples of fungal diseases? |
--candida albicans (candidiasis)/opportunistic --yeast infections (genital or mouth) |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplamosis)? |
spelunkers disease because it's picked up in caves from inhalation of bat droppings (opportunistic)
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is Aspergillus flauus (Aspergillosis)? |
possibly cancer causing; on moldy bread |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis? |
Causative agent Cryptococcus neoformans - uncommon in people with health immune systems |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is the pathogenesis of Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis? |
--Enters through lungs then into circulatory system --this allows fungus to make its way to the brain --meningies thicken, hindering movement of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) which causes pressure on the brain --invades brain tissue itself and causes abcesses --there is treatment, but immune compromised people respond poorly |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is ergotism? |
--Claviceps purpurea --typically see it in spring when warm and wet --in grains such as rye --circulatory and neurological systems affected --humans and non human animals --causes vasoconstriction, hallucinations, irrational behavior, convulsions -death possible |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is Tinea pedis? |
--athlete's foot --thrives in moist areas --highly contagious --signs/symptoms: itching, redness, flaking of skin between toes, burning sensation can occur between toes, severe cases blisters that ooze may develop --topical or oral antifungal medications are used --keep feet dry |
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Fungal diseases in humans-- What is Tinea cruris? |
jock itch |
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Helminths-- What are the 3 groups of helminthes relevant to medicine? |
--cestodes --trematodes |
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Helminths-- What are nematodes? |
roundworms |
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Helminths-- What are cestodes? |
tapeworms |
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Helminths-- What are trematodes? |
flukes |
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Helminths-- What are the 3 modes of human invasion? |
--contaminated food --insect vector |
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Helminths-- Insect vector - under control in developed countries, but in underdeveloped countries, how many deaths/year are there? |
millions |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- What is a hookworm? |
nematode |
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How does a hookworm infect someone? |
skin penetration |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- What is their body shape? |
long cylindrical body that tapers at the end (all nematodes) |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- Describe the digestive tract. |
has a digestive tract that runs the entire length |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- Pathogenesis: |
--Hookworms live in small intestine of humans --Eggs are excreted in feces --In the environment, they will hatch and become larvae --They then burrow through the hosts skin where they will become adults and lay eggs, then repeat the process |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- What do hookworms feed on? |
blood |
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Hookworm (Necator americanus)-- What is a typical symptom? |
anemia (because they feed on blood) |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- How do you get a pinworm infection? |
ingestion |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- What is a pinworm? |
nematode |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- Where does a pinworm spend its entire life? |
in the human hosts |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- Where do adults live? |
in the large intestine |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- Where does the female lay eggs? |
in the perianal regions which causes itching |
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Pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis)-- What does the pinworm feed on? |
human fecal matter |
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Lymphatic Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)-- What is this also known as? |
elephantiasis |
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Lymphatic Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)-- What is Lymphatic Filariasis? |
nematode |
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Lymphatic Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)-- How is it passed? |
vector passes disease from one host to another |
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Lymphatic Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)-- How is it transmitted? |
--by mosquitoes --lodge in lymphatic vessels --block drainage --they create scar tissue there |
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Lymphatic Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)-- Why is the worm really high in peripheral blood between 10 pm and 2 am? |
that is when it is most likely to be picked up by a mosquito and taken to a new host |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- T or F: Ascariasis is the most common roundworm disease. |
True |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- Where does it live? |
in the intestines of humans, horses and pigs |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- What are the signs and symptoms? |
often asymptomatic
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- Pathogenesis: |
--Eggs are ingested and then hatch --Larvae penetrate intestinal capillaries move to the lungs --Larvae are coughed up and then reswallowed --Then travel to the intestines and lay eggs --Eggs are passed with feces |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- What problems can it lead to? |
--effect pulmonary --nutritional deficiency --can lead to death |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- Epidemiology: What are eggs resistant to? |
many chemicals, desiccation, and low temps |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- Epidemiology: Very difficult to kill. Second only to what? |
prions |
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Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides)-- What is the treatment and prevention? |
--sanitation education |
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Tapeworms-- What are tapeworms? |
cestodes |
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Tapeworms-- Do they have a digestive system? |
no |
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Tapeworms-- How do they absorb nutrients? |
directly through their body |
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How do they attach to the host? |
head end (scolex) attaches to the intestines of the host |
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Tapeworms-- Where are the eggs contained? |
in the segments (proglottids) |
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A human is what type of host? |
human is definitive host (where it reaches maturity and sexual reproduction)
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Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata)-- how big can they get? |
can reach up to 6 meters in length |
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Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata)-- How does infection occur? |
by ingestion of contaminated, undercooked beef |
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Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)-- A human is what type of host? |
human is intermediate host (some part of life cycle but won't be mature of sexual reproduction)
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Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)-- How does infection occur? |
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Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)-- What happens during infection? |
can reach brain and cause neurological problems |
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Protozoa-- What is the protozoan habitat? |
--in marine (zooplankton), fresh water and terrestrial environments |
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Protozoa-- What is the structure of protozoa? |
--microscopic --unicellular --no chlorophyll |
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Protozoa-- They do NOT have a cellulose cell wall. What do they have instead? |
silicon, Ca, etc
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Protozoa-- What are some examples? |
--flagella --pseudopodia |
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Protozoa-- How are they grouped? |
according to mode of locomotion
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Protozoan reproduction-- Do they have simple or complex life cycles? |
sometimes complex life cycles |
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Protozoan reproduction-- Can they be polymorphic? |
yes |
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Protozoan reproduction-- What are the 2 forms they can have? |
--resting form = cyst |
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Protozoan reproduction-- What kind of reproduction can they have? |
Sexual or asexual reproduction |
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Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)-- How is it spread? |
through cat feces |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)-- What are the symptoms? |
can cause flu like symptoms in adults then leaves
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)-- What is the risk to pregnant women? |
If mom is pregnant, the child will have severe brain damage and very serious eye issues |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)-- What other types of people is this bad for? |
those with low immune systems (HIV, etc) |
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Vaginitis (Trichomonas vaginalis)-- Is this a sexually transmitted disease? |
yes |
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Vaginitis (Trichomonas vaginalis)-- What are the symptoms? |
--can lead to further spreading |
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Vaginitis (Trichomonas vaginalis)-- What happens if not treated? |
can lead to sterility in males and females |
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Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- What is the incubation period? |
6-20 days |
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Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- What are the signs and symptoms? |
--explosive, greasy diarrhea --abdominal cramps --fatigue --weight loss |
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Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- How long does it last? |
usually ends without treatment in 1-4 weeks |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Who can be long-term carriers? |
both symptomatic and asymptomatic persons |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- What kind of protozoan is Giardia lamblia? |
Flagellated protozoan
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- What are the 2 forms? |
--cyst |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Pathogenesis: |
--Cysts are infectious, survive stomach acid, unlike trophozoites --Two trophozoites emerge from each cyst that reaches upper part of small intestine --Some attach to the epithelium --Others use flagella to move freely in intestinal mucus --Some even migrate up bile duct to gallbladder (cause of the greasy diarrhea) |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Epidemiology: What makes it easily spread? |
--low infective dose |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Epidemiology: What is most common source of infection? |
water contaminated with human or animal feces |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Why are hikers at risk? |
They drink from streams even in remote areas at risk |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- How is it treated? |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- Prevention: Does municipal chlorination destroy cysts? |
No |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia)-- How should hikers treat water? |
boil for 1 minute or filter it |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- What are the signs and symptoms? |
Similar to meningitis: --headache --fever --stiff neck --vomiting --coma and death in about 10 day |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- What kinds of temperatures does it prefer? |
warm |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- Pathogenesis: |
--No disease if ingested |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- Epidemiology: Where is it commonly found? |
warm, fresh water and soils |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- Epidemiology: For every case, how many are exposed without harm? |
millions |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- How is it usually acquired? |
from swimming, diving in warm natural fresh water |
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Protozoa and Human Disease:
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) (Naegleria fowleri)-- What is treatment and prevention? |
--proper chlorination --there is no treatment |
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Arthropods-- What are included in arthropods? |
insects and arachnids
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Arthropods-- What do they serve as? |
Vectors of transmission |
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Arthropods-- What is a mechanical vector? |
--example: flies |
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Arthropods-- What is a biological vector? |
--example: plasmodium in Anopheles mosquito (plasmodium is protozoan that causes malaria; Anopheles mosquito is the vector) |
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Arthropods-- Animals may act as a reservoir (where it naturally live) (e.g. rats) environment. Humans, animals are ________. |
reservoirs |
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Arthropods-- What are zoonotic diseases? |
diseases passed from non-human animals to humans
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Arthropods-- What are some examples of arthropods? |
--fleas --lice --ticks |
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How do they infect the host? |
inserts feeding tube through hosts skin |
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Mosquitoes-- What do they ingest and pick up? |
they ingest blood; can pick up infectious agents and transfer to subsequent hosts |
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Mosquitoes-- What diseases do they transmit? |
--yellow fever --dengue fever --West Nile --encephalitis |
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What are they? |
wingless insects that can jump to 30 cm |
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Fleas-- What is the causative agent and what does if cause? |
causative agent of plague, Yersinia pestis (which is a bacteria) |
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Lice-- What is it? |
small, wingless insects
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Lice-- How is Pediculus humanus (lice) spread? |
direct contact or contact with personal items; causes head lice only no other disease |
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Lice-- How long does it survive when away from its host? |
only a few days |
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What can body lice transmit? |
bacterial diseases
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Lice-- What kind of diseases can it spread? |
--trench fever |
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What are ticks? |
arachnids |
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Ticks-- Where do they live and what do they do? |
--they wait for host passing by |
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How to they burrow into skin? |
with mouthparts |
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They may go unnoticed for days but will feed ________. |
continually |
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Ticks-- What are some examples of is disease? |
Francisella tularensis or rabbit fever (is a Class A bio terror agent) |
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Ticks-- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (Rickettsia rickettsia)-- Pathogenesis: Spread by the bit of what? |
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Ticks-- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (Rickettsia rickettsia)-- Pathogenesis: How long must the tick typically be attached to transmit the disease? |
6 hours |
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Ticks-- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (Rickettsia rickettsia)-- What are the signs and symptoms? |
--spotted rash and fever 2-5 days after a fever develops --starts on wrist, forearms, palms, ankles, and soles of feet --dogs will show symptoms |
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Ticks-- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (Rickettsia rickettsia)-- What is the treatment? |
--Death rate triples after 5 days if untreated |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- When was it first recognized? |
mid 1970 |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- When was the causative agent identified and by who? |
1982 by Willy Burgdorfer |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- What are the signs and symptoms? |
--Early localized infection: Erythema migrans --classic bullseye rash --Flu like syptoms: chills, headache, muscle pains |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- What are signs of late persistent infection? |
months after skin rash, joint pain, swelling appears and slowly disappears over years
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- What is Borrelia burdorgeri? |
--microaerophilic spirochete |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- Pathogenesis: |
--spirochetes through attachment infected tick --multiply, migrate outward in circular fashion --LPS causes inflammatory reaction in skin |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- Epidemiology: Zoonosis; humans are what kind of host? |
accidental |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- Epidemiology: It is widespread in U.S; several species of ticks are vectors like... |
--black-legged (deer) tick --Ixodes scapularis is most important vector |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- Epidemiology: What are the main reservoirs of B. burgdorferi? |
ticks, mice, but deer spread
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- What is treatment? |
--Antibiotics effective during early stages --Antibiotics are less effective in late stages |
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Ticks-- Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)-- What is prevention? |
--Same as RMSF --light colored clothing to identify ticks --DDT sprays --proper tick removal |
