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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Innate Immune system-- To microbes, the human body is _______-_____. |
nutrient-rich |
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The Innate Immune system-- Blood, muscle bones, organs are generally _____. |
sterile |
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The Innate Immune system-- Skin, mucous membranes prevent entry of ___________. |
microorganisms (first line of defense) |
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The Innate Immune system-- The body has sensor systems to detect invaders and mount a response. What is this called? |
innate immunity (second line of defense) |
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The Innate Immune system-- What does innate mean? |
general response with no memory |
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Adaptive immunity-- What are antigens (Ag)? |
made by foreign invaders and recognized by the host immune system |
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Adaptive immunity-- What are antibodies (Ab)? |
made by host in response to antigen |
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What are the physical barriers? |
--skin --mucous membranes |
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First line of defense-- How is skin a physical barrier? |
difficult for microbes to penetrate it as long as it is intact
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First line of defense-- What is dermis (part of skin)? |
tightly woven fibrous connective tissue, making it very tough
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First line of defense-- What is epidermis (part of skin)? |
--many layers of epithelial cells --when the layers sluff off, they carry microbes with it |
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First line of defense-- When outermost layers of the epidermis are dead, what are they filled with? |
keratin
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First line of defense-- What is keratin? |
--water proofing protein --makes skin a bit more dry |
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First line of defense-- What do mucous membranes line? |
digestive, respiratory, genitourinary tracts |
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First line of defense-- What do mucous membranes do? |
they wash away microbes in its secretions
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First line of defense-- How do mucous membranes in the intestines remove microbes? |
peristalsis |
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First line of defense-- How do mucous membranes in the respiratory tract remove microbes? |
mucociliary escalator moves materials away from respiratory tract and towards throat to be swallowed |
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First line of defense-- How does whooping cough disarm first line of defense? |
by killing off the ciliated cells which increases coughing and the spread of the disease
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Antimicrobial substances-- Salt accumulates from _____. |
perspiration |
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Antimicrobial substances-- What is Lysozyme? |
--breaks down peptidoglycan --found in tears, saliva, mucus, blood, and phagocytic cells |
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Antimicrobial substances-- What are Peroxidase enzymes? |
break down hydrogen peroxide to ROS |
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Antimicrobial substances-- What do Lactoferrin and Transferrin do? |
--bind iron --microbes need trace amounts of iron to survive --we can inhibit growth if we take iron away |
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Antimicrobial substances-- Where is Lactoferrin found? |
in breast milk and mucus
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Antimicrobial substances-- Where is Transferrin found? |
in blood and tissue
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The cells of the immune system-- What is hematopoiesis? |
formation of all cells
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The cells of the immune system-- Where does hematopoiesis happen? |
in bone marrow
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The cells of the immune system-- Where do all blood cells originate from? |
hematopoietic stem cells |
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The cells of the immune system-- Where are cells of the immune system found? |
in the tissues and the circulatory system
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The cells of the immune system-- What cells are important in host defenses? |
white blood cells (leukocytes)
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Granulocytes-- What is the most numerous (more than half) and important white blood cell? |
neutrophils
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Granulocytes-- What are neutrophils? |
--first responder to tissue damage or inflammation |
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Granulocytes-- How do neutrophils work? |
by phagocytosis
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Granulocytes-- How long is the life span of a neutrophil? |
short |
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Granulocytes-- What are basophils and mast cells involved in? |
allergic reactions and inflammation |
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Granulocytes-- Where are basophils found? |
in blood
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Granulocytes-- Where are mast cells found? |
in tissue
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Granulocytes-- What do eosinophils do? |
fight parasitic worms
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Types of leukocytes-- What are mononuclear phagocytes (MPS)? |
includes monocytes, circulate in blood
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Types of leukocytes-- What develops from moncytes? |
--macrophages and dendritic cells --can all engulf stuff |
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Types of leukocytes-- What do dendritic cells do? |
--also patrol tissues --engulf material in tissues, bring it to cells of adaptive immune system |
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Types of leukocytes-- What are lymphocytes responsible for? |
adavptive immunity
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Types of leukocytes-- What are some lymphocytes? |
--B cells, T cells --hightly specific in recognition of antigen |
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Types of leukocytes-- Where do lymphocytes generally reside? |
in lymph nodes, lymphatic tissues
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Types of leukocytes-- What do natural killer (NK) cells lack? |
specificity |
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Cell communication-- What does communication allow? |
coordinated response
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Cell communication-- What are surface receptors? |
serve as "eyes" and "ears" of the cell
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Cell communication-- Where are surface receptors located? |
--usually span membrane --connect outside of the cell to the inside of the cell |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- What do they detect? |
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- What are Toll-like receptors (TLR's)? |
--anchored in membranes of sentinel cells --macrophages, dendritic cells |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- Following detection, where is the signal transmitted? |
to the nucleus |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- What are NOD-like receptors (NLR's)? |
detect bacterial components indicating cell has been breached |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- Where are NOD-like receptors (NLR's) found? |
in cytoplasm
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- What are RIG-like receptors (RLR's)? |
detect viral RNA indicating infection |
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- What do RIG-like receptors (RLR's) produce? |
interferons
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Surface receptors a.k.a. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR's)-- Where are RIG-liek receptors (RLR's) found? |
in cytoplasm
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Cytokine types-- Why are chemokines important? |
--they are important in the chemotaxis (directed movement) of immune cells --cetain types of cells have receptors for chemokines, allowing the cells to sense the location where they are needed, such as an area of inflammation |
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Cytokine types-- What are cytokines? |
the "voices' of a cell |
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Cytokines-- What are colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) |
--important in th emultiplication and differentiation of leukocytes --when more leukocytes are needed during an immune response, a variety of different cCSFs direct immature cells into the approprate maturation pathways |
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Cytokines-- What are Interferons (IFNs)? |
important in a number of regulatory mechanisms, stimulating the responses of some cells and inhibiting others
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Cytokines-- What are Interleukins (ILs)? |
--produced by leukocytes --important in both innate and adaptive immunity |
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Cytokines-- What is Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? |
--role in killing tumor cells --helps initialte the inflammatory response and triggers one process of "cell suicide", a programmed cell death called apoptosis |
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The Complement System-- What is it? |
changes the activities of adaptive immune system |
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The Complement System-- What does it consist of? |
9 complement proteins circulating in blood and bathing tissues |
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The Complement System-- It is activated by 3 different pathways. What are they? |
1) alternative pathway 2) lectin pathway 3) classical pathway |
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The Complement System-- What is the alternative pathway? |
--was found second --is quickly and easily triggered, providing vital early warning that an invader is present |
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The Complement System-- What is the lectin pathway? |
recognizes sugar manose specifically |
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The Complement System-- What is the classical pathway? |
--discovered first --requires antibodies |
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The Complement System-- Activation produces 3 major outcomes. What are they? |
1) opsonization 2) inflammatory response 3) lysis of foreign cells |
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The Complement System-- What is opsonizatoin? |
--binds to bacterial cells and foreign particles --allows phagocytes to engulf more easily |
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The Complement System-- What is Inflammatory response? |
--increase permeability of blood vessles --induce mast cells to release cytokines |
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The Comlement System-- What is Lysis of foreign cells? |
--forms membrane attack comlexes (MACs) --doesn't work well on gram positives due to thick peptidoglycan --works better on gram negatives |
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Phagocytosis-- What are the steps of phagocytosis? |
1) chemotaxis 2) recognition and attachment 3) engulfment 4) phagosome maturation and phagolysosome formation 5) destruction and digestion 6) exocytosis |
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Phagocytosis-- What do phagocytes do? |
engulf and digest material, pathogens
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Phagocytosis-- What happens during chemotaxis? |
phagocytes recruited to the site of infection or damage
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Phagocytosis-- During Recognition and attachment, what is direct binding? |
specific surface receptors bind to it |
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Phagocytosis-- During Recognition and attachment, what is indirect binding? |
opsonization has happened usually |
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Phagocytosis-- During engulfment, what happens? |
they engulf the foreign material an contain it inside a phagosome |
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Phagocytosis-- After foreign material is contained inside a phagosome, what happens? |
digestive enzymes are then released inside the phagosome |
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Phagocytosis-- What happens during exocytosis? |
vesicle fuses with cytoplasm, expels remains
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The Inflammatory Response-- What does tissue damage result in? |
inflammation
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The Inflammatory Response-- What is the purpose? |
--contain site of damage --localize response --eliminate invader --restore tissue function |
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The Inflammatory Response-- It involves a cascade of events: |
--redness, swelling, heat,and pain --dilation of small blood vessels (greater blood flow to the area of injury (heat, redness); slower blood flow rate in capillaries) --leakage of fluids into the tissues (swelling and pain) --clotting factors wall off site of infectoin --dead neutrophils, tissue debris accumulate as pus |
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The Inflammatory Response-- What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
--redness --swelling --heat --pain --sometimes loss of function |
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Fever-- Why is fever an important defense mechanism? |
strong indicator of infectious disease, especially bacterial |
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Fever-- Hypothalamus normallly holds at 37 degrees C, but raises during infection in response to... |
pyrogens
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Fever-- What are endogenous pyrogens? |
made by the body to increase temp
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Fever-- What are exogenous pyrogens? |
--from outside body to raise temp --produced by microbes |
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Fever-- What are the 6 effects of fever? |
1) decrease the growth rate of bacteria 2) increase enzymatic reactions of host 3) enhance inflammatory response 4) produce interferon and antibodies 5) help make more leukocytes 6) increase lactoferon and transferon |
