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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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articulation model |
-emphasizes motor components of speech -focuses on incorrect production of individual phonemes -can be functional or organic -functional: no known pathology -organic: known physical causes causes such as cleft palate, neurological dysfunction, and hearing impairment |
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phonology |
-stresses linguistic aspect of speech -focuses on rule based errors that affect multiple speech sounds following predictable pattern -phonological problems involve difficulties in: applying sound system rules, not in production of sounds |
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treatment approaches - traditional Van Riper, 1978 |
-sensory-perceptual, or motor-based -relies on sensory training -sequence: moves from discrimination, to achieving production through hierarchy from isolation to conversation |
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Treatment Approaches - Motor-Kinesthetic Stinchfield-Hawk & Young, 1938
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-emphasizes development of correct movement patterns -requires clinician to manipulate articulations to facilitate sound production -assumes it's possible to establish positive kinesthetic and tactile feedback patterns through direct manipulation of articultors -PROMPT: motor-sensory, cognitive-linguistic, and social-emotional |
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Treatment Approaches - Distinctive Features McReynolds & Bennett, 1972 |
-based on theory that speech sounds can be defined in terms of articulatory patterns and acoustic properties -phonological approach (binary features of each phoneme) -3 basic feature categories (place, manner, and voicing) |
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Treatment Approaches - Paired Oppositions |
-Weiner, 1981 -targets phonemic contracts - errored versus correct -minimal (one feature) and maximal (3 features) opposition -Gierut (2001, 2007) -across-sound class generalizations |
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Treatment Approaches - Phonological Processes Oller, 1975 |
-based on strategies used by young typically developing children between 1.5-4 years to simplify production of class of adult speech sound -addresses nondevelopmental processes such as (backing, initial consonant deletion, and glottal replacement) |
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Treatment Approaches - Cycles Approach Hodson and Paden (1983) |
-intended for children with highly intelligible speech -session sequences of 5-16 weeks -bombardment, production training, stimulability robes, take-home activities for generalization |
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Treatment Approaches - Core Vocabulary Dodd, Holm, Crosbie, & McIntosh, 2010 |
-focus on functional outcomes -targets consistency rather than accuracy -consistent production rather than correct production in isolation and connected speech -relies on systematic practice and drilling |
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Treatment Approaches - Metaphon Howell and Dean, 1994 |
-philosophy more than program -provides children explicit information that enables them to reflect back phonemic structure of language -emphasizes child's awareness/understanding -uses salient features |
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Oral-Motor Considerations |
deficits may affect neuromuscular control and organization -may occur in organically-based disorders -manifested as -hypo sensitivity (reduced reactions to sensation) -hypersensitivy (overly strong reactions to sensations) -weaknesses or incoordination of oral structures |
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Oral-Motor Therapy |
consists of tongue, lip, and jaw exercises -rationales -speech is founded on early developing nonspeech motor patterns such as sucking and chewing -reduced muscle tone in oral-facial area limits strength of articulators -normal movement and sensation influences motor learning (Piagetian construct) -speech is highly complex behavior more easily learned when broken down |
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Oral-Motor Therapy - Nsomes nonspeech oral-motor exercises |
controversial proponents suggest candidates exhibit -poor production of bilabials and tip alveolars -poor differtial production of midrange vowels -weak production of plosives, fricatives, and affrciates in presence of hypernasality |
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Oral-Motor Therapy - Goal Basic Goals |
-heighten conscious awareness of oral mechanism -normalize sensitivity to stimulation in area -inhibit primitive or abnormal reflex patterns in oral mechanism, while enhancing normal movement -increase differentiation and stabilization or oral structure -refine articulation movements by increasing strength and range of motion |
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Oral-Motor Therapy - Hierarchy Treatment Steps |
-address postural and positioning issues -normalize oral sensitivity -increase jaw control -strengthen lip movement/increase muscle tone -improve tongue control for elevation and lateralization |
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Treatment Efficacy and Evidence-Based Practice |
comprises 3 elements -scientific research -clinical expertise -client/family values
key factors in articulation/phonological disorders -improvements in correct sound production and speech intelligibility -no one treatment approach is more effective than another |
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Treatment Efficacy and Evidence-Based Practice Other Factors |
-minimal pairs and cycles increase phonological gains -computerized instruction in an effective supplement -clinician and family variables may have impact on outcome -session frequency and intensity requires further study |
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Target Selection for Intervention Programming 2 primary approaches for choosing therapy targets |
-developmental -non-developmental -client-specific: objectives target more relevant to child; stimulate, and visible when produced -perceived evidence associated with child's errors |
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Organic Articulation Disorders |
-cleft palate -velopharngeal incompetence -hypernasal resonance -hearing impairment -childhood apraxia of speech -speech-motor planning disorder -reduced ability to volitionally sequence movement of articulators
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