Lifestyle/career Development

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Lifestyle and Career development have been emphasized since

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the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major concern.

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The beginning of guidance movement has often been associated with the work of

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Frank Parsons

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In the terms of leisure time and dual career families

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dual career families have less leisure time.

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Trait Factor approach

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attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors).

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Edmund Griffith Williamson

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Minnesota Viewpoint, expanded upon Parsons' model to create a theory of counseling which transcended vocational issues.

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The trait-factor or matching approach is associated with

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Parsons and Williamson

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Trait-factor model also known as a "structural" theory since

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it emphaiszes individual differences or structural differences.

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Trait-factor model is grounded in differential psychology

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TRUE

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The trait-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

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a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job and relies heavily on testing.

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Frank Parsons wrote a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation. Parsons has been called

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The Father of Vocational Guidance

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The Trait-factor model

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attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of the job...usually relies on psychometric information...is associated with the work of Williamson and Parsons

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Edmund Griffith Williamson's work(Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments like the

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Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale

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Minnesota

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Matching

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The Trait-factor approach fails to take ___________ into account.

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individual change throughout the life span

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Psychometric data refers to

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the use of test results in counseling

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Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

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based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

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Roe's theory is primarily psychoanalytic, but draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs...

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and emphasized that early child rearing practices influence later career choices since a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need

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Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

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fields and levels.

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Roe's fields include:

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service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture and arts/entertainment

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Roe's levels include

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professtional and manegerial 1; professional and manegerail 2; semiprofessional/small business; skilled; semi-skilled; and unskilled

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Roe spoke of three basic parenting syles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

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will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people.

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Roe's theory relies on Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

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lower order needs take precendnce over higher order needs. THE JOB MEETS THE "MOST URGENT NEED".

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Some support fot Roe's theory comes from

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the Rorschach and the TAT. ROE BEGINS WITH "R" so does RORSCHACH

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In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert

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genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice.

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According to Anne Roe who categorized occupations by fields and levels

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the choice of career helps to satisfy an individual's needs

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Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious process in this area of study was

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Bordin

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Bordin felt that career choices could be used to...

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solve unconscious conflicts.

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Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

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are indicative of neurotic symptoms

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Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was AA Brill. Brill emphasized ___________, an ego defense mechanism.

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Sublimation

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Sublimation occurs when

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an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner.

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A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizaing _____________ according to Brill's theory of career choice.

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Sublimation

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Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects

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the work of John Holland.

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Holland categorized _____________personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

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6

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Holland's Six personality orientations are:

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realitic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising or conventional
MEMORY DEVICE: AS RICE

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Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill and Holland as _____________theorists.

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Personality or structural theorists

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Counselors who support Holland's approach believe that

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an appropriate job allows one to expres his or her personality.

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Holland mentioned six model orientations. A middle school counselor is most likely

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Social

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Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be

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Enterprising

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A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit Holland's ________typology.

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Realistic

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Holland's psychological needs theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _________ type.

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Investigative

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In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

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most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative

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The Strong Interest Inventory (SII) is based on

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Holland's Model

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Holland believed that a given occupation will tend to attract persons with

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similiar personality

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Hoppock's theory, based on the work of __________ is also considered a personality approach.

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Henry Murray

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Henry Murray created

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the "needs-press" theory and the TAT projective test.

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Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists were

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Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

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Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. this theory identified three stages of career development...

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Fantasy(birth-11), tentative(11-17), and realistic (17 to early 20s)

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Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

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the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood; career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span; career choice is reversible

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The most popular developmental carer theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

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the self-concept (HINT: both begin with "s")

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Super's theory emphasizes _____________ life stages.

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five

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Super's stages are:

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Growth,Exploration,Establishment,Maintenance,Decline
(GEEMD)

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Super's theory includes:

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the life-career Rainbow

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Research into the phenomenon of career maturity(vocational maturity) reflects the work of

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John Crites

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Schlossberg

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focused heavily on adult career development.

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Schlossberg suggested five noteworthy factors in adult career development

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behavior in the adult yeas is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors; behavior can either be a function of one's life stage or one's age at other times; sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences; adults continually experience transitions which require adaption and self-assessement; identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood

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The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

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David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara

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John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

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Albert Bandura

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The model Krumboltz suggested is

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a behavioristic model of career development...LEARNING

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The HUMAN CAPITAL THEORY

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individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

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The ACCIDENT THEORY

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suggest that chance factors influence one's career...student like his history teacher therefore decides to become a history teacher

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The status attainment theory

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the child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status

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A Counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

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suggest a site visit to a work setting.