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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is leukopoiesis?
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the processes involved in the production of white blood cells (leukocytes)
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what cells are derived from myeloid precursors?
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- neutrophils
- eosinophils - basophils - monocytes/macrophages - erythrocytes - megakaryocytes |
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what cells are derived from lymphoid precursors?
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- b cells
- t cells - natural killer cells |
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which cells are the granulocytes?
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- neutrophils
- eosinophils - basophils |
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which cells are the lymphocytes?
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- b cells
- t cells - natural killer cells |
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a person is 44 years old. what percentage of the medulla of long bones should be cellular?
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- 66%
100% - age = cell percent |
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what is the order of development of neutrophils?
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- myeloblasts
- promyelocytes - myelocytes - metamyelocytes - neutrophilic band (stab) - segmented neutrophil |
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at what stage in development of a neutrophil does mitosis end?
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- metamyelocyte
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at what stage does the nuclear shape of a neutrophil become indented?
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- myelocyte
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what are the major functions of neutrophils?
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- phagocytosis
- microbicidal activity - process cellular debris |
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what are the reactive changes the neutrophils can undergo?
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- toxic granulation
- Dohle body formation - cytoplasmic vacuoles |
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what is toxic granulation?
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when a neutrophil retains azurophilic or primary granules
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what are Dohle bodies?
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stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum at the cell border
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what is a leukemoid reaction?
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an extreme reactive neutrophilia (> 50,000) that mimics an acute leukemia
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what is the order of eosinophil development?
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- myeloblast
- promyelocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte - eosinophilic band - segmented eosinophil |
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what is the major cytokine that influences differentiation of a stem cell into an eosinophil? what releases this cytokine?
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- IL 5
- Th2 cells |
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what is the major function of eosinophils?
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- release cytokines and chemical mediators (specifically major basic protein)
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what is the major chemical mediator released by eosinophils? what is its role in immunity?
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- major basic protein
- important in fighting parasitic infections |
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what are the major causes of eosinophila?
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NAACP
- neoplasms - allergies - asthma - collagen vascular disease - parasitic infection |
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what are Charcot-Leyden crystals? when and where would they be found?
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- they are primarily composed of lysophospholipase
- you see them extracellularly as a result of prolonged eosinophilic inflammation |
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what is the developmental order of basophils?
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- myeloid progenitor cell
- CFU-baso - myeloblast - promyelocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte - basopilic band - segmented basophil |
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which cytokine is most important in influencing differentiation into a basophil?
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IL 5
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what is the major function of basophils?
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IgE mediated release of histamine
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what is the developmental order of monocytes?
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- stem cell
- CFU-GM - CFU-mono - monoblast - promonocyte - monocyte |
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what are the most important cytokines that influence monocyte differentiation?
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GM-CSF and M-CSF
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which cells can activate monocytes to assist with cell mediated immunity?
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CD4+ T helper cells
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what stage of B cell development does class switching occur?
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germinal centre stage
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what stage of B cell development does antibody secretion occur?
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plasma cells
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what are the markers for B cells?
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CD19 and CD20
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what are the main functions of B cells?
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- production of immunoglobins
- antigen presenting cells via MHC II |
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what type of lymphocyte comprises the majority of cells in lymph nodes?
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T cells
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what is the developmental order of T cells?
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- prothrombocyte
- subscapular thrombocyte - cortical thrombocyte - medullary thrombocyte - peripheral T cell |
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what is the developmental order of B cells?
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- pro B cell
- pre B cell - immature B cell - mature naive B cell - germinal centre B cell - memory B cell - plasma cell |
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what is thymic education?
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- when non-functional and self-reacting T cells are programmed for death in the thymus
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what are the 3 sub-types of T cells?
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- CD8+
- CD4+ Th1 - CD4+ Th2 |
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what is the function of cytoxic (CD8+) T cells?
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kill virally infected cells and tumor cells via perforin and granzymes
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what is the specific marker for T cells?
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CD3
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what is the function of CD4+ Th1 cells?
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activate macrophages
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what is the function of CD4+ Th2 cells?
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activate B cells
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what cytokines are important in the differentiation of natural killer cells?
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IL-4 and IL-12
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what is the main function of natural killer cells?
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kill virally infected cells and tumor cells via perforin and granzymes
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what are the phenotypic markers of natural killer cells?
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CD3(-)/CD16(+)/CD56(+)
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how is killing by natural killer cells initiated?
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- interaction with MHC I
- antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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describe MHC I activation of natural killer cells.
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normal cells express MHC I which will bind to NK cells and suppress activation. virally infected and tumor cells do not express MHC I so they lose their ability to suppress NK cell activity
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describe antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.
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CD16 receptors on NK cells can interact with IgG3 and cause activation of the NK cell
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