Lesson 1-3 (Eapp)

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- Refers to the words and phrases that a person knows and uses in a particular language.

- It includes the understanding of word meanings, pronunciation, spelling, and usage in context.

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VOCABULARY

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- Considered that writing which is personal, emotional and impressionistic.

- May even rely more on emotional appeal or the opinions of the author.

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NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS

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Examples of this text are:

• Poems

• Skits

• Letters

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NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS

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- SUBJECTIVE in nature.

- Based on OPINION

- Can be more INFORMAL in tone

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NON-ACADEMIC TEXTS

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- Defined as CRITICAL, OBJECTIVE, specialized texts written by experts or professionals in a given field using FORMAL language.

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ACADEMIC TEXTS

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Examples of this text are:

• Book review

• Reaction paper

• Thesis

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ACADEMIC TEXTS

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- This means that ___________are based on FACTS with SOLID BASIS.

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ACADEMIC TEXTS

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SOME ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES:

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• Business

• Social Studies

• Humanities

• Natural and Applied Sciences

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- it examines, evaluates, and make an argument about a literary work.

- as the name suggest it goes beyond mere summarization

- it requires careful close reading of one or multiple texts and often focuses on a specific characteristic, theme or motif.

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LITERARY TEXTS

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- It uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument.

- ______ are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature.

- Common research sources include data, primary source, secondary sources

- It involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas

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RESEARCH PAPER

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- It is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. program

- A book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate's research

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DISSERTATION

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OTHER EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS:

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• books

• book reports

• translations

• conference paper

• academic journal

• abstract

• explication

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- Are the words or sentences surrounding the unfamiliar word that give hints on its meaning.

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CONTEXT CLUES

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FOUR TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES

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• Example Clues

• Synonym or Definition Clues

• Contrast/Antonym Clues

• Inference/ General Context Clues

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- Author will mention the word and then give examples that either describe or explain it.

- Words or phrases indicating that example clues are on their way such as, like, for example, for instance and as illustration.

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EXAMPLE CLUES

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- The meaning is usually right after the unfamiliar word and often separated from the rest of the sentence with commas, dashes, or parenthesis; sometimes or that is or in other words, known as is used.

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DEFINITION / SYNONYM CLUES

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- An opposite meaning context clue contrasts the meaning of an unfamiliar word with the meaning of a familiar term

- but , however, although, otherwise, unless, instead, on the other hand, while, never, no or not may signal the contrast.

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CONTRAST/ ANTONYM

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- The meaning of a unfamiliar word can be inferred from the description of a situation or experience.

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INFERENCE / GENERAL CONTEXT CLUES

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PRE- means

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“ before”

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FIX means

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“to attach before a word”

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- usually change a word from one form or part of speech (e. g, noun, verb and adjective) to another form.

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SUFFIXES

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- A word attached before a root word

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PREFIXES

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There are negative prefixes that can help you in figuring out the meaning of the word with the prefix such as

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• un -

• non-

• in-

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Prefixes that show location such as

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• tele-

• sub-

• inter-

• trans-

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Prefixes can show numbers or amount such as

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• mono-

• bi-

• multi-

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- A _______ is a basic word with no prefix or suffix added to it

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ROOT WORDS

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- When we say __________, we are referring to the real meaning of the word.

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DENOTATION

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- When we say ___________, we referring to the implied meaning of the word.

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CONNOTATION

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THREE GENERAL TYPES OF PURPOSES AN AUTHOR HAS WHEN WRITING:

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• Persuasive

• Informative

• Expressive

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- The main goal here is to convince you

- Make you change your mind on something

- Make you do a certain action

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Purpose: To Persuade

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- These are the texts that are more creative in nature, and the goal of the author could be to engage the reader’s emotion such as joy, anger, and frustrations.

- Have more opinions than facts.

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Purpose: To Express

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One less-known form of expressive text is satire.

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Purpose: To Express

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- Aim to give information only, but not necessarily to convince the reader to believe or to do something.

- Requires a lot of research Information are valid reliable

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Purpose: To Inform

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EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXT:

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• Literary Texts

• Research Paper

• Dissertation

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It is a form of writing that uses humor to scorn and/ or expose follies of a person, an organization, or politics in government.

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Satire

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A reader can tell to whom the text is written based on different factors:

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• Vocabulary word used

• Length of the sentences

• Nature of the topic

• The way the topic is presented

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shorter the texts and simpler the vocabulary

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younger audience

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Longer the texts and the more complicated the vocabulary levels.

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Older audience

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Here are a few things that you should consider when you assess a text for its intended audience:

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Gender

Age level

Grade level

Social position or status

Specific professions

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The author’s main goal is to reach a specific gender ( females, males, homosexuals)

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GENDER

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Some texts are written for young children, for teenagers , and some for adults. In academe, textbooks are classified according to the GRADE LEVEL

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AGE LEVEL

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Publications cater for specific group of people and discipline (hospitality industry, communication specialist, for businessmen, politicians, academicians, scientist.)

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SPECIFIC PROFESSIONS

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The attitude that an author takes toward the audience, the subject, or the character.

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TONE

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is not an action. It is an attitude

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TONE

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factors that may affect an author’s point of view:

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• PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

• CULTURAL EXPOSURES

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When you read academic text or any article for this matter, it pays to always think of the author’s background and _______. Ask the yourself if the author’s ________ in life reflects his / her tone and point of view.

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PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

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When you read academic texts or any articles, especially those coming from personal blogs, keep in mind that the author’s perspective is based on the lens he or she is originally wearing, plus all she or he had acquired over the course of his ________ and ______

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CULTURAL EXPOSURES

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- Is subjective.

- It is based on or influenced by personal beliefs or feelings.

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OPINION

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An opinion is not the opposite of fact. The opposite of fact is

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INCORRECT INFORMATION

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is objective.

It is not influenced by personal feelings or judgment.

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FACT

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is used every day.

In fact, we make decisions and judgments based on _____, even in the most insignificant thing we do for the day

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SOUND REASONING

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is reasoning that follows logic and can be easily understood by readers or an audience.

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SOUND REASONING

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Types of Sound Reasoning:

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• DEDUCTIVE REASONING

• INDUCTIVE REASONING

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from general statement to a specific one.

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DEDUCTIVE REASONING

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from specific to general statement.

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INDUCTIVE REASONING

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FALLACIES IN REASONING

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1. Bandwagon

2. Hasty generalization

3. Red herring

4. Attack on a person

5. Either – or reasoning

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• This is a reasoning based on popularity rather than on scientific evidence or facts.

• This gives one feeling of “ you are the only one not doing it ( using it ), so why not join now?”

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BANDWAGON

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• This is searching a conclusion without enough pieces of evidence or further studies.

• You should not use an isolated experience to make a general statement or judgment on something or someone.

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HASTY GENERALIZATION

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• This is searching a conclusion without enough pieces of evidence or further studies.

• You should not use an isolated experience to make a general statement or judgment on something or someone.

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HASTY GENERALIZATION

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• an argument that distracts the opponent away from the real issue leads them to irrelevant issue.

• term originated from the legend that criminals in England during the 17th century would use ______ ( a fish ) to confuse the bloodhounds on the trail to pursue them.

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RED HERRING

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This presents only two alternatives and acts as if there no other choices.

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EITHER – OR REASONING

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is the opinion or belief that he or she wants to persuade readers to believe.

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AUTHOR’S ARGUMENT

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issue means the controversial topic the authors is discussing.

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IDENTIFY THE ISSUE

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The author’s argument is his or her point or view on an issue.

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DETERMINE THE AUTHOR’S ARGUMENT

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an authors assumptions consist of things the authors takes for granted without presenting any proof

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Step 1: Identify the Author’s Assumptions

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types of support refers to the kind of evidence the author uses to back up the argument

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Step 2: Identify the Types of Support

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Relevance means the support directly related to the argument

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Step 3: Determine the Relevance of the Support

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The author’s argument has objectivity when the support consists of facts and other clear evidence.

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Step 4: Determine the Author’s Objectivity

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An argument is complete if the author presents adequate support and overcomes opposing points.

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Step 5: Determine the Argument’s Completeness

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An argument is valid ( has validity ) if it is logical.

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Step 6: Determine if the Argument is Valid

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An argument is has credibility if it is believable (convincing)

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Step 7: Decide if the Argument is Credible

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Three things you need to keep in mind when investigating sources of information

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• The author

• The pieces of evidence to the claims of the author

• The publisher or sponsor

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• is simply who or what is being talked or written about.

• Never stated in a complete sentence.

• It can be stated as a word or as a phrase but never as a complete sentence.

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TOPIC

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• “What is the whole point of this write up?”

• The whole point is the ______

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THE MAIN IDEA

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Two Types of Main Ideas

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• STATED MAIN IDEA

• IMPLIED MAIN IDEA

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Some texts are written for young children, for teenagers , and some for adults. In academe, textbooks are classified according to the GRADE LEVEL

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AGE LEVEL

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Glossy expensive magazines target the WEALTHY, while tabloids target the MASSES.

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SOCIAL POSITION OR STATUS

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• This reasoning attacks the person instead of the issue.

• This happens a lot in politics (if you hear a politicians attacking their opponents instead the issue, beware!)

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ATTACK ON A PERSON

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a massive and comprehensive sources of information.

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INTERNET