Lecture Test # 2

Front 1

What temperature do mesophiles grow?

Back 1

25° - 45° C

Front 2

What temperature do psychrophiles grow at?

Back 2

5°C

Front 3

What temperature do thermophiles grow at?

Back 3

55°C

Front 4

Describe strict aerobe?

Back 4

Has to have oxygen

Front 5

Describe growth curve

Back 5

1. Lag Phase- (acclimation) the bacteria is introduced to its environment

2.Log Phase- growing log rhythm

(Curve represents faster growing)

(Slower growing when line is flat)

3.Stationary- new cell division because cell is getting ready to die (cell death)

4. Death Phase- Environment changed and cell died

(endospore represents plateau)

Front 6

Describe growth curve

Back 6

1. Lag Phase- (acclimation) the bacteria is introduced to its environment

2.Log Phase- growing log rhythm

(Curve represents faster growing)

(Slower growing when line is flat)

3.Stationary- new cell division = cell death ( endospores )

4. Death Phase- Environment changed and cell died

Front 7

What is ATP?

Back 7

Adenosine triphosphate

(Energy currency for all living things)

Front 8

Describe 3 types of phosphorylation?

Back 8

1. Substrate level phosphorylation-

Enzymes transfer a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation-

Enzymes oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing hydrogen ion which is used to make ATP

3. Photophosphorylation-

The use of light energy and hydrogens ions from the breakdown of water to make ATP

Front 9

What is Catabolism reaction?

Back 9

Breaking down

Front 10

What is anabolism reaction?

Back 10

Building up

Front 11

Describe glycolysis?

Back 11

Front 12

Describe citric acid cycle?

Back 12

Front 13

Describe electron transport chain?

Back 13

Front 14

What are 3 major metabolic pathways?

Back 14

1. Cellular respiration

2. Photosynthesis

3. Fermentation

Front 15

What are the 3 overall reactions of cellular respiration?

Back 15

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain

Front 16

Describe photosynthesis?

Back 16

3 parts (3rd is dark photosynthesis)

1. Photophosphorylation-

2. Calvin cycle

Front 17

What are the 4 groups of metabolism

Back 17

1. Photoautotrophs

• can make there own energy using light and carbon dioxide for food

2. Photoheterotrophs

•use light for energy but need other source for food

3. Chemoautotrophs

• gets energy from chemicals but created own food

4. Chemoheterotrophs

• gets energy from chemicals but needs other organisms for food

Front 18

How do bacteria cells grow?

Back 18

Binary fission

Front 19

What is generation time?

Back 19

Time it takes for entire population to double

Front 20

What pH range do most bacteria like?

Back 20

6.5- 7.5

Front 21

What are acidophiles?

Back 21

Ulcers- love acid

Front 22

Compare 3 metabolic pathways

Back 22

Picture

Front 23

Compare 3 metabolic pathways

Back 23

Front 24

What is obligate aerobe?

Back 24

Can not grow without oxygen

Front 25

What is facultative anaerobe?

Back 25

Utilizes oxygen but can also grow without oxygen

Front 26

Describe aerobe?

Back 26

Needs oxygen

Front 27

Describe aerotolerant bacteria?

Back 27

Does not need oxygen but will not die in the presence of oxygen

Front 28

Where do halophiles grow?

Back 28

In high salt concentration

Front 29

What are the 2 factors for microbial growth?

Back 29

1.Physical- pH, temperature, osmotic pressure

2.Chemical- carbon source, N-H-P-S, Oxygen

-Strict/ obligate aerobe

-Strict/ obligate anaerobe

- Aerotolerant anerobe

- Faculatative anerobe

- Microaerophile (only grow with small amounts of oxygen)

Front 30

What is a substrate?

Back 30

Substrate = reactant

Front 31

What does ase mean at the end of a word?

Back 31

Enzyme

Front 32

What is the process of 2 substrates (reactants) making 1 product?

Back 32

Synthesis

Front 33

What is the process when 1 substrate (reactant) making 2 product?

Back 33

Degradation

Front 34

Hydrolysis?

Back 34

Adding water to break bonds

Front 35

What are the modes of action for antibiotics?

Back 35

1.Change the permeability of the plasma membrane

2. Disrupt protein synthesis

3. Disrupt nucleic acid synthesis

4. Compete for essential nutrients

Front 36

What do antibiotics do to bacteria?

Back 36

Slow down the growth or kill the bacteria

Front 37

What do the antibiotics do that target the cell membrane?

Back 37

Disrupts phospholipid bilayer

(Osmotic pressure)

Front 38

Other antibiotics target the cell wall. What do they do?

Back 38

Inhibit cell wall synthesis of peptidoglycan. This will cause the cell to lysis or rupture

Front 39

How do antibiotics disrupt protein synthesis?

Back 39

Targets the 70s ribosomes

• Streptomycin

• Erythromycin

Others target 80s ribosomes

• Tetracycline

• Doxycycline

Front 40

Other antibiotics inhibit folic acid metabolism. What do they do?

Back 40

Inhibit folic acid in bacteria which they need for adenine and thymine for DNA synthesis

•Sulfonamides

* different from others *

Front 41

What is C6 H12 O6?

Back 41

Glucose

Front 42

What is it called when hydrogen is being removed from a molecule?

Back 42

Oxidation

Front 43

Glucose is oxidized into CO2 when hydrogen is removed

Back 43

Front 44

Requirements for microbe growth

Back 44

Physical: temperature, pH, oxygen, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure

Chemical: carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements

Front 45

What is cidal?

Back 45

Kills microbe

Front 46

What is static?

Back 46

Stops the growth but does not kill it

Front 47

What is osmotic pressure mainly driven by?

Back 47

Salt concentration and halophiles

Front 48

What is narrow spectrum of antimicrobial drugs?

Back 48

Targets one or a limited # of microbes

Front 49

What is broad spectrum of antmicrobial drugs?

Back 49

Kills a wide range of microbes

Front 50

Types of antifungal medications?

( Broad spectrum )

Back 50

Fluconazole ( Diflucan )

Can cause kidney issues

Front 51

Types of antiprotozoal + antihelmintics medications?

Back 51

•Quinones , quinolones

• Metronidazole- Flagyl

( Narrow spectrum )

Front 52

Types of antiviral medications?

What do they do?

Back 52

• Ganciclovir

• Acylovir

Slow down biosynthesis- or assembly steps

Natural antivirals- interferons

Front 53

Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis?

Back 53

• Rifampicin- TB

( Narrow Spectrum)

Front 54

Antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis in 70s ribosomes? ( Prokarya ) Narrow spectrum

Back 54

• Streptomycin

• Erythromycin

Front 55

Antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis in 80s ribosomes? ( Eukarya)

Narrow spectrum

Back 55

• Tetracycline

• Doxcycline

Front 56

Antibiotics that change the permeability of the plasma membrane and cell wall synthesis?

( Broad Spectrum )

Back 56

• Penicillin

• Sulfa drugs

Front 57

Indirect method of measuring growth of bacteria?

Back 57

• Turbidity- looking at cloudiness

• Spectrophotometry- light waves

• Quantitative plate count- colonies

Front 58

Direct method of measuring growth?

Back 58

Cyctometry

Front 59

What is the Calvin cycle?

Back 59

Dark reaction cycle

Front 60

Plants use Catabolism or anabolism to make ATP?

Back 60

Anabolism

Front 61

Cellular respiration uses catabolism or anabolism?

Back 61

Catabolism

Front 62

Why do we control microbial growth?

Back 62

•Prevent food from spoiling

•Prevent foodborne illness

•Prevent illness

Front 63

What is aseptic technique?

Back 63

Controlling growth on a living surface

Front 64

What is disinfect?

Back 64

Removing fomites from non- living surfaces

Front 65

What does industrial sterilization do?

Back 65

Kills clostridium endopores

Front 66

What are factors that affect the rate of microbial control?

Back 66

• # of microbes present

• temperature and environment

Front 67

Physical mechanisms of controlling microbes?

Back 67

Heat

• baking and burning

Pressure

• autoclave ( 121°C + 15 psi )

• high pressure & steam

• osmotic pressure

Cold

•take out of growth range

Radiation

•UV- thymidine diner

• Xrays and gamma Ray's

Filtration

Front 68

Chemical ways of microbial control

Back 68

Alcohol

• destroys lipids in cell wall

• ethanol, methanol, isopropyl, phenol

Halogens

•Chlorine( bleach) Fluorine ( dental )

Bromine (pools) iodine

Heavy Metals

• silver, gold, copper, zinc, lead, mercury

Oligodynamic reaction

Aldehydes- cadaver juice

Gas Sterilization

• Ethylene oxide ( electronic and large items)

Superoxide

•Peroxide

•Soaps and detergents

Front 69

What does radiation do?

Back 69

Kills bacteria DNA

Front 70

What does peroxide do?

Back 70

Damages protein and DNA

Front 71

What do soaps and detergents do?

Back 71

Break up cell membranes

Front 72

What does sulfonamides do?

Back 72

Block pathways for making folic acid

Front 73

What does penicillin do?

Back 73

Disrupts cell walls osmotic pressure and causes the cell to burst

Front 74

How does Rifampicin work?

Back 74

Disrupts nucleic acid synthesis

Front 75

List and describe modes of action for antibiotics?

Back 75

1. Changes the permeability of the plasma membrane: Changes cell wall and plasma membrane synthesis

2. Disrupts protein synthesis: Targets 70s ribosomes

3. Disrupts nucleic acid synthesis: RNA and DNA

4. Competes for essential nutrients: folic acid

Front 76

Meeting growth requirements

Back 76

1.Temperature- incubation

2.Osmotic & Chemical requirements- nutrient media or TSA

3.Oxygen- media or incubation