Learning: Conditioning/ Operant & Observational And Implicit Learning

Front 1

What's Classical Conditioning

Back 1

occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.

Front 2

This period is called ________ , the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. During the initial phase of classical conditioning, typically there is a gradual increase in learning: It starts low, rises rapidly, and then slowly tapers off

Back 2

acquisition

Front 3

What are the 3 phases of classical conditioning?

Back 3

Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery

Front 4

a phenomenon called _____________ can be demonstrated: conditioning where a new, neutral CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure.

Back 4

second-order conditioning

Front 5

what is the extinction phase?

Back 5

This process is called extinction, the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.

Front 6

What is the spontaneous recovery?

Back 6

the tendency of a learned behaviour to recover from extinction after a rest period. Notice that this recovery takes place even though there have not been any additional presentations of the CS and US.

Front 7

true or false?

The extinction stage has not completely erased the learning that had been acquired. The ability of the CS to elicit the CR was weakened, but it was not eliminated.

Back 7

true

Front 8

When an organism generalizes to a new stimulus, two things are happening...

Back 8

1. Responding to the new stimulus used during generalization testing, the organism demonstrates that it recognizes the similarity between the original CS and the new stimulus.

2. Displaying diminished responding to that new stimulus.

Front 9

what is discrimination?

Back 9

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli. Generalization and discrimination are two sides of the same coin. The more organisms show one, the less they show the other, and training can modify the balance between the two.

Front 10

3 mechanisms of Classical Conditioning:

Back 10

cognitive, neural, evolutionary elements.

Front 11

Robert Rescorla and ___________ (1972) were the first to theorize that classical conditioning occurs when an animal has learned to set up an expectation.

Back 11

Allan Wagner

Front 12

The Cognitive Elements of Classical Conditioning:

Back 12

The psychologist Robert Rescorla showed that in classical conditioning, pairing two stimuli doesn’t always produce the same level of conditioning. Conditioning works better if the conditioned stimulus acts as a reliable signal that predicts the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus.

Front 13

Researchers once thought of conditioning as automatic and not involving much in the way of higher mental processes. However, now researchers believe that conditioning does involve some ____________.

Back 13

information processing

Front 14

What is the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning?

Back 14

If connections linking the amygdala to the midbrain are disrupted, the rat does not exhibit the behavioural freezing response. If the connections between the amygdala and the hypothalamus are severed, the autonomic responses associated with fear cease (LeDoux et al., 1988). Hence, the action of the amygdala is an essential element in fear conditioning, and its links with other areas of the brain are responsible for producing specific features of conditioning. The amygdala is involved in fear conditioning in people as well as rats and other animals

Front 15

classical conditioning is not an arbitrary mechanism that merely forms associations. Rather, it is a ____________ that evolved precisely because it has adaptive value.

Back 15

sophisticated mechanism

Front 16

In classical conditioning, stimuli that are initially neutral:

Back 16

come to elicit the conditioned response.

Front 17

The amount that Ivan Pavlov's dogs salivated gradually increased over several trials of pairing the tone with the food. This is because Ivan Pavlov's dogs went through the _____ phase of learning.

Back 17

acquisition

Front 18

Conditioned response (CS):

Back 18

Learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus

Front 19

Dante always hated having his diaper changed but he loved cookies. Dante's father decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. Every time he changed Dante's diaper, he would play the same song and give Dante a small cookie. Now, as soon as Dante hears the song, he is happy to have his diaper changed. What is the conditioned response in this example?response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.

Back 19

CS: the happiness

Front 20

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Back 20

Formerly neutral stimulus that acquires capacity to elicit a reflexive response

Front 21

Baxter, a 6-year-old, was recently bitten by his grandmother's bulldog. Baxter sees a different kind of small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry, but he does not cry when he sees a large dog. Baxter's behaviour in response to the small dog indicates that he is showing _____, and his behaviour in response to the large dog indicates that he is showing _____.

Back 21

generalization; discrimination

Front 22

Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____ foods; these aversions may be caused by the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.

Back 22

unfamiliar (novel)

Front 23

In Ivan Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.

Back 23

food; salivation

Front 24

Edyta always gives her cats treats before she goes to work each morning. When she is gathering the things she takes to work, her cats begin to circle around her and meow. Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner would say this is occurring because Edyta's cats have developed a(n) _____ for the treats.

Back 24

expectation

Front 25

Malcom's dog, Razor, gets very excited when he sees his leash because he knows they are going for a walk. Malcolm replaced Razor's old leash with a new one and brings it over to him. Malcom is surprised because Razor does not seem as excited as usual. Razor's response to the new leash is an example of _____ .

Back 25

discrimination

Front 26

Daniel is training his dog, Pal, to bark when there is a knock on the door. He already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Pal bark. So, he decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Pal to bark. The conditioned response in this case is _____.

Back 26

barking

Front 27

The last time that Leona went camping, she found a snake in her tent. She is deathly afraid of snakes. Now, she becomes nervous every time she thinks about camping or watches a movie or television show that involves camping. The conditioned stimulus in this case is _____.

Back 27

camping

Front 28

Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behaviour occurs, and positive punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus when a behaviour occurs.

Back 28

presentation

Front 29

B.F. Skinner's three-term contingency refers to a(n) _____ stimulus, a response, and a reinforcer.

Back 29

discriminative

Front 30

In latent learning...

Back 30

something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioural change until sometime in the future.

Front 31

In studies done on trustworthiness, when participants were told that their partner was untrustworthy, they...

Back 31

ignored the additional feedback they received, acting as if the partner was untrustworthy.

Front 32

_____ involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behaviour occurs, and positive punishment involves the presentation of a stimulus when a behaviour occurs.

Back 32

Positive renforcement

Front 33

B.F. Skinner's three-term contingency refers to:

Back 33

discriminative stimulus, operant response, and reinforcer/punisher.

Front 34

Edward Tolman's means-end relationship and the Rescorla-Wagner model of expectations are similar in that both propose the importance of an internal _____ state

Back 34

cognitive

Front 35

Food is a good example of a(n) _____ reinforcer.

Back 35

primary

Front 36

example of variable ratio schedule...

Back 36

Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule.

Front 37

In a variable-ratio schedule, the _____ the ratio, the _____ the response rate.

Back 37

higher;higher

Front 38

A teacher originally wanted to increase class participation, so she positively reinforced the asking of questions with nickels. After a few days, students had stacks of nickels on their desks and were asking far too many questions. To reduce question-asking, the teacher could remove a nickel whenever they ask a question, a process known as _____.

Back 38

negative punishment

Front 39

Checking one's postal mailbox is generally reinforced on a(n) _____ schedule, because the mail usually is delivered on a regular and consistent basis.

Back 39

fixed interval

Front 40

Jayson can make his sister Maddy give him her toys or candy by whistling. She hates the sound so much, Maddy will give Jayson whatever he wants to make him stop. When Jayson stops whistling, it serves as _____ for Maddy.

Back 40

negative renforcement

Front 41

Darcy invites Rick over to play a football video game and watch the new trick she taught her pet ferret. In the video game, whenever Darcy scores a touchdown, she gives a signal to the ferret. The ferret runs over and "kicks" a miniature football through a small goal post set up in the cage. Darcy probably used _____ to get the ferret to perform this trick.

Back 41

shaping

Front 42

If a person learns a statistical technique but does not use it for two semesters, and then successfully uses it, that person may have demonstrated:

Back 42

latent learning

Front 43

Like Watson, Skinner tried to explain behaviour without considering cognitive, neural, or evolutionary mechanisms. However, as with classical conditioning, this approach turned out to be ________ .

Back 43

incomplete

Front 44

Colton is a Parkinson's disease patient taking the medication called L-dopa. As a result, he has developed a problem with compulsive shopping and has extended his credit cards up to their limits. His behaviour is the result of the_____ error.

Back 44

reward prediction

Front 45

Latrenda is trying to teach her 3-year-old son how to dress himself. First she has him put on his pants by himself, and she gives him some candy. The next day she has him put on his pants and his shirt, and she gives him some candy. By the end of the week, her son is dressing himself completely. Latrenda used the principle of _____.

Back 45

shaping

Front 46

Because of _____, a person can tell the difference between the men's restroom and the women's restroom, and know which one to use.

Back 46

stimulas control

Front 47

observational learning and an example:

Back 47

in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others.

Margie wearing mittens after watching her brother burn his hands.

Front 48

Observational learning is based on cognitive mechanisms such as attention, perception, memory, or reasoning. But observational learning also has roots in ___________ and for the most basic of reasons: It has survival value.

Back 48

evolutionary biology

Front 49

When learning takes place as a result of imitating a model, it is referred to as:neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response explanations.

Back 49

observational learning

Front 50

The part of the brain known as _____ area is very active during artificial grammar tasks.

Back 50

Broca's

Front 51

Deidra learns to speak Spanish by listening to a neighbor, and then models the behaviour for her younger sister. Deidra is part of a(n) _____ chain.

Back 51

diffusion

Front 52

If a person watches someone to learn how to play the violin, and then serves as a model for another student, that person is part of a:

Back 52

diffusion chain