Learning And Conditioning

Front 1

Classical Conditioning

-AKA-

Respondent Conditioning

-AKA-

Pavlovian Conditioning

Back 1

a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the two stimuli

respond to the dinner bell in the same way that they respond to the food - with salvation

Front 2

unconditioned response

Back 2

a response that occurs naturally

salivation with food

Front 3

unconditioned stimulus

Back 3

the stimulus that naturally evoked the unconditioned response

food is the unconditioned stimulus as it naturally causes salivation

Front 4

conditioned stimulus

Back 4

the stimulus that the dogs learned to associate with food

Front 5

conditioned response

Back 5

by pairing the tone and food, the dogs were conditioned to respond to the tone in the same way that they respond to food

usually the same as, or similar to, the unconditioned response

Front 6

Spontaneous recovery

Back 6

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence

Front 7

stimulus generalization

Back 7

* the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus

* stimulus generalization happens most often when the new stimulus resembles the original conditioned stimulus

Front 8

stimulus discrimination

Back 8

the tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus

Front 9

Operant conditioning

Back 9

a type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

"cause and effect"

Front 10

Reinforcement

Back 10

delivery of a consequence that increases the likelihood that a response will occur

Front 11

Positive reinforcement

Back 11

* the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

* positive means adding a stimulus

Front 12

Negative reinforcement

Back 12

* the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

* negative means removing a stimulus

Front 13

Punishment

Back 13

the delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur

Front 14

Positive punishment

Back 14

the presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often.

Front 15

Negative punishment

Back 15

the removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often.

Front 16

Primary reinforcers

Back 16

Are naturally satisfying, such as

* food

* water

* caresses

Front 17

Secondary reinforcers

-AKA-

conditioned reinforcers

Back 17

Are satisfying because they are associated with primary reinforcers and can include such things as:

* money

* fast cars

* good grades

Front 18

Primary punishers

Back 18

Are naturally unpleasant, such as:

* pain

* freezing temperatures

Front 19

Secondary punishers

-AKA-

Conditioned punishers

Back 19

Are unpleasant because they are associated with primary punishers and can include such things as:

* failing grades

* social disapproval

Front 20

Shaping

Back 20

a procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response

Front 21

Reinforcement schedules

Back 21

* the pattern in which reinforcement is given over time

* can be continuous or intermittent

Front 22

continuous reinforcement

Back 22

provides reinforcement every time a particular response occurs

Front 23

intermittent reinforcement

-AKA-

partial reinforcement

Back 23

reinforcement are provided on only some of the occasions on which the response occurs

Front 24

fixed-ratio schedule

Back 24

reinforcement happens after a set number of responses

Front 25

variable-ratio schedule

Back 25

reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses

Front 26

fixed-interval schedule

Back 26

reinforcement happens after a set amount of time