Learning

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Learning

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an experimental process that results in a relatively consistent change in behavior or behavior potential.

biological, socio-cultural.

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How Do We Learn?

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association, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence.

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Associative Learning

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learning to associate one stimulus with another.

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Theories About Learning

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Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning.

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Classical Conditioning

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learning predictable signals; a basic form of learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another.

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Ivan P. Pavlov

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behavior comes to be elicited by a stimulus that has acquired its power through an association with a biological significant stimulus.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

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any stimulus that naturally elicits a behavior.

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Unconditioned Response (UCR)

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the behavior elicited by the UCS.

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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a neutral stimulus that is able to elicit behavior only after association with the UCS.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

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the behavior elicited to the CS.

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Pavlov's Experiment

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before conditioning, food (UCS) produces salivation (UCR). the tone (NS) does not.

during conditioning, NS (tone) and UCS (food) are paired resulting in salivation (UCR).

after conditioning, NS (now CS) elicits salivation (now CR).

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Acquisition

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the initial stage in classical conditioning, during which the association between a NS and a UCS is established; NS needs to come before the UCS; very brief.

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Extinction

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When a US does not follow a CS, CR starts to decrease and at some point goes extinct.

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Spontaneous Recovery

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after a rest period, an extinguished CR spontaneously recovers, and if CS persists alone, becomes extinct again.

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Stimulus Generalization

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tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS.

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Stimulus Discrimination

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the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli.

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John Garcia

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duration between the CS and the UCS may be long, but yet result in conditioning when it's associated with a biologically significant consequence.

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Pavlov's Legacy

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isolated elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures.

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Operant Conditionig

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a type of learning in which behavior is rewarded or punished.

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Operant Chamber

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comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer, like food or water. the bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal's response.

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Difference Between Classical & Operant

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classical: signal - response reinforcement on a natural response.

operant: behavior reinforcement.

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Negative Reinforcement

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removing an aversive stimulus.

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Primary Reinforcer

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innate satisfaction (e.g., food, drink, emotional satisfaction, etc.)

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Secondary Reinforcer

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secondary satisfaction (e.g., money, grade, etc.)

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Punishment

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applies undesirable stimulus to the person upon certain behaviors.

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Delayed Reinforcement

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uniquely human, our ability to control impulses.

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Continuous Reinforcement

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behavior reinforced every time.

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Partial Reinforcement

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behavior reinforced on and off, works better.

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Fixed-ratio schedule

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reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (e.g., piecework pay).

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Variable-ratio schedule

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reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., gambling, fishing).

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Fixed-interval schedulep

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reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (e.g. preparing for an exam like, the day before.)

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Variable-interval schedule

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reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses (e.g., pop quiz).

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Extrinsic Motivation

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"I work for the paycheck."

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Intrinsic Motivation

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"I work because I like it."

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Peg-Turning Experiment

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participants engaged in boring task (peg-turning) for an hour; paid $1 or $20; discussed the procedure with another participant (lied about fun).

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Observational Learning

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the majority of human learning occurs indirectly; the modeling process.

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Mirror Neurons

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provide a neural basis for imitation and observational learning; active during observational learning in the brains of animals and humans.

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Imitation Onset

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learning by observation begins early in life.