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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reliability |
Does a process yield consistent results? |
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Validity |
Are the results consistent to a true value? |
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Accuracy |
Proximity of measured values to a true value |
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Precision |
Proximity of measured values to each other |
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Process for data collection |
Need a process that is reliable and yields valid results with a goal of being both accurate and precise. Overlay methods have issues - precise, not accirate |
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Nominal data |
Named data (vegetable ion, landforms) |
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Ordinal data |
Ordered, rankings (soil quality, views, overlay methods) |
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Interval data |
Regular intervals (elevation, temperature) |
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Ratio data |
Relative to an absolute zero (temperature, wind speed) |
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Landscape unit |
Simplifying a collection of inventory data into concise and logical groups - synthesis of individual characteristics, basis for land use decision-making and recommendatilns |
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Site inventory |
Collecting information about existing conditions. Scope depends on proposed program, existing site conditions, permits and regulations, cost of data collection |
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Site analysis |
A diagnostic process that identifies opportunities and constraints for a specific land use program. An evaluation or assessment of how a landscape can host a specific program of land use. Program dependent |
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Program |
What are the expected/desired uses for the site? Need to know in order to evaluate site |
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Inventory + program = ? |
Opportunities and constraints |
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Examples of site constraints |
Steep slopes, floodplains, groundwater recharge, unstable soil, noise, sensitive environments, wildlife |
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Example site opportunities |
fertile soils, views, unique environments, microclimate |
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Capability |
Can the land, in its existing state, support a particular land use? Carrying capacity of a site, resource-based Objective, rated as a hierarchy (not capable to highly capable) Biophysical characteristics of a site Changes with technology Can the land support the use? |
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Suitability |
Is a particular land use appropriate for the land? The fitness, or appropriateness of a given tract of land for a specified use Subjective, rated as a hierarchy (not suitable to highly suitable) The social and economic acceptability of a land use - changes with societal norms How well can the land support the use, is it appropriate? |
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Benefits of capability/suitability analysis |
Leads to predictions for the performance of program elements on the site Provides justification for design decisions and site modification Relates to carrying capacity |
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Site assessment and evaluation process |
Inventory - collect data Synthesis - organizing data (landscape units) Analysis (capability and suitability, modeling, expected performance) Recommendations (informed decisions for site design) |
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What makes a cultural landscape? |
Human influence Archaeology Society |
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Archaeological landscapes |
Previous cultural and civilizations Pieces of something of significance Provide an insight into a forgotten past Cultural resources often assessed thru archaeology Pre-contact |
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What to look for in cultural landscapes |
Fragments of evidence Surrounding land info Regulatory zones Unexpected patterns or elements Strategic locations Historical info about site |
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Surveyors chain |
1 chain = 66’ 1 furlong = 660’ (10 chains) 1 mile = 8 furlongs 1 acre = 1 chain x 1 furlong Section = 1 mile x 1 mile (640 acres) Township = 6X6, sections (36 square miles) Concession= 100x100 chains (1000 acres or 1 1/4 square miles) |
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Settlement patterns |
Geometry impressed on the land Modern regulatory land layout |
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Social landscapes human preference |
Politics War Protest Security Boundaries eg. borders Based on social interactions |
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Human preference |
Human values and their role in the landscape Beliefs, aesthetics and location Interpretation of the landscape |
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Visual quality |
Evaluation of desire able views, poor views Expert involvement for specific problems (computer modeling) Representations of visual quality Perception-based |
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Design and cultural landscpaes |
Assessing resources Inventory and analysis to inform the process Evaluating significance Recommends to one Making design decisions |
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Hydrologic cycle |
Movement of water from precipitation to precipitation |
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Precipitation |
Water falling from sky in form of snow or rain |
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Surface runoff/overland flow |
water that hits the ground and does not infiltrate but flows along surface |
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Infiltration |
The downward entry of water into the soil or rock surface |
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Percolation |
The flow of water through soil and porous or fractured rock |
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Canopy interception and evaporation |
Water that gets caught by tree canopy and evaporates off |
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Through fall |
Water that falls through canopy to forest floor |
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Leaching |
The movement of contaminants, such as water-soluble pesticides or fertilizers, carried by water downward through permeable soils |
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Capillary flow/capillary action |
The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of/opposite to gravity. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces Water will move from wet soil to dry soil to reach homeostasis (equal concentration) |
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Infiltration rate vs. infiltration capacity |
Rate = rate that water is infiltrating soil - can be supply dependent (amount of rainfall) Capacity = maximum rate that water can infiltrate soil (based on soil texture, vegetation, degree of saturation) If rainfall rate exceeds capacity, then the infiltration rate will be equal to the infiltration capacity If rainfall rate is less than capacity, infiltration rate = rainfall rate |
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Permeability |
Also called hydraulic conductivity. The rate of the flow of water through soil materials |
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Porosity |
Refers to the amount of open space between soil particles |
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Hydrologic Cycle |
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Three parts of stormwater pollution |
Production - roads, fam fields, yards, parking lots Removal - runoff, wind, sweeping, plowing Delivery - culverts, ditches, storm drains, sewers |
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Run off rates of soils |
Sand - permeable, low runoff ( (saturated hydraulic conductivity in cm/hr is 21) Loam - moderately permeable, moderate runoff (saturated hydraulic conductivity in cm/hr is 1.32) Clay - impermeable, high runoff (saturated hydraulic conductivity in cm/hr is 0.06) |
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Effects of pervious vs impervious surface on rate of flow during rain event |
Vegetated soils - slower flow, filtered, cool, clean water Impervious ground - sediment, little, warm, polluted, fast flow |
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Stream |
A body of water with flow Point of collection for water in the landscape |
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Designing for stormwater - key considerations |
Rate of flow Detention/time in the landscape Surfaces Pathways |
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Stormwater ponds - issues |
Contain contaminants Low species diversity - poor habitat |
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River Morphology |
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River morphology - section |
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Stream channel cross section |
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Thalweg |
A line connecting the lowest points of successive cross-sections along the course of a valley or river |
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Hydrologic flood plain vs topographic floodplain |
Hydrologic floodplain: Defined by the bank-full elevation. It is inundated about two years out of three. Not every stream corridor has a hydrologic floodplain. Topographic floodplain: land adjacent to the channel including the hydrologic floodplain and other lands up to an elevation based on the elevation reached by a flood peak of a given frequency (for example, the 100-year floodplain). Boundaries of a floodplain in terms of flood frequencies (probability of recurrence, in years). Thus, 100-year and 500-year floodplains are commonly used in the development of planning and regulation standards. |
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Wetland |
Lands that are seasonally of permanently flooded by shallow water as well as lands where the water table is close to the surface Presence of abundant water has caused formation of hydric soils and favours growth of hydrophytic or water-tolerant plants Formed by: floodwaters from nearby water bodies, saturation from rain and run off, groundwater close to the surface, coastal waters that immerse nearby land |
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Bog |
Peat-covered or peat-filled depression - acidic peat is very low in nutrients Receive water from precipitation High water table Surface carpet of mosses - sphagnum moss primary species Acidic waters (ph <4.7) Deficient in nutrients, low oxygen saturation Tree cover <25% (picea mariana, some sedges) Generally found in cool, northern climates Receive water and nutrients only from the atmospheric precipitation
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Fen |
Surface layer of partially decomposed peat Dominant component of sedges Low to medium height shrub cover, tree cover <25% (T. occidentalis or L. laricina) Nutrient rich, basic waters (from limestone rock) - comes from glaciers Occur where groundwater-fed springs come to the soil surface. They are very rare globally, but are most common in previously glaciated areas of the Midwestern United States. High water table, slow internal drainage by seepage. Can take 10,000 years to form More diverse wildlife and plants than bogs due to increased nutrients
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Swamp |
Wooded wetland w >25% trees/tall shrubs Soil saturated during growing season, standing/gently flowing waters seasonally - subsurface continually waterclogged Soil waterclogged, highly organic, nutrient rich - black rich soil -m Coniferous or deciduous shrubs, mosses Water originates from groundwater or watercourses with the water table well below the surface so that the surface layer is aerated and supports the roots of trees and other tall woody plants.
Found in transitions areas, diverse wildlife and plant species |
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Marsh |
Wet areas periodically or permanently inundated w standing or flowing water Water at root zone year round High oxygen saturation Predominantly non-woody plants - rushes, sedges, cattails Most of the water is received from the surface but some is groundwater Plentiful nutrients, pH usually neutral Marshes usually form in shallows of ponds, lakes and rivers, and along sheltered coastlines where mineral nutrients are available Can be tidal (most prevalent on east coast of USA) or non-tidal (boundaries of streams, rovers, ponds). Non tidal marshes are most common type of wetland in North America
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Peat |
Partially decomposed plant matter built up over thousands of years |
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Marl |
Formed of light-grey colored calcium carbonate - brought into fens by nearby mineral deposits left behind by glaciation |
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Weather |
Atmospheric conditions at a given time and place (troposphere) |
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Climate |
Prevailing atmospheric conditions of a region |
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Microclimate |
Prevailing atmospheric conditions of a small space (sub-site scale) Affected by elements in the landscape |
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Theoretical base of microclimate |
Sun-earth relationship drives weather and climate Angle of the earth, spin of the earth and position relative to the sun Solar radiation changes throughout the year |
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Solar radiation |
Sun angle affects the energy that is transferred to the surface it is radiating on The more perpendicular, the higher the intensity |
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Energy budget |
Primary supplier of energy in the landscape is solar radiation Consumer of energy in the landscape are: Conduction of heat into object/surface Evaporation of water Convection of heat by the wind Terrestrial radiation emission by an object of surface |
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Aspect |
Angle of a surface relative to the sun Cardinal direction that a slope faces |
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Albedo |
Reflectivity of a surface |
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Convective cooling |
A function of wind speed and temperature differential btwn air and surface |
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Elements to inventory at regional scale |
Soils, habitat systems, hydrology, agricultural lands, development patterns |
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Pleistocene |
Geological epoch 2.6 million years ago to 12,000 years ago - most recent glaciation |
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Stabilized glacial landscape |
Ice front has stabilized, ice is in wasting stagnant condition Ice blocks that will melt to form kettle lakes, marginal lakes Deltas, braided streams |
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Melted glacial landscape |
Ice has melted, left behind kettle lakes, outwash plain, moraine, eskers, drumlins |
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Drumlin |
An elongated hill in the shape of an inverted spoon or half-buried egg formed by glacial ice acting on underlying unconsolidated till or ground moraine |
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Esker |
An esker is a ridge of gravel and sand emplaced during glacial melt by the deposition of sediments from meltwater rivers flowing on the ice (channel fills) or beneath a glacier (tunnel fills) (from Canadian encyclopedia) |
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Moraine |
A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris (regolith and rock) that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth |
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Outwash plain |
Formed of glacial sediments deposited by meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier. As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and carries the debris along |
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Soil formation
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CLimate Organisms Relief Parent material Time 1. Soil begins to form (disintegrating rocks) 2. Simple organisms (organic matter) 3. Horizons form (organics, mineral particles, parent material) |
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Soil Horizons |
A horizon - organics, topsoil, organisms B Horizon - subsoil, materials from A C Horizon - parent material migrating upward Parent material (bedrock) |
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Soil Texture |
Determined by proportions of sand, silt and clay Use soil triangle and percentages of each to determine texture |
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Soil particle sizes |
Gravel: >2mm Sand: 0.05 - 2mm Silt 0.002 - 0.05mm Clay <0.002mm |
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Soil drainage |
Infiltration capacity - water into the surface Permeability - water movement thru soil Percolation - water into soil (pit) Drainage typically describer as good, imperfect, poor |
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Acidity |
6.8 to 7.3 is neutral to slightly alkaline <6.8 = acidic >7.3 = alkaline |
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Soil fertility |
Measure of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium values |
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Multi-level vegetation classification |
Forest - high trees, 60% canopy Woodland - 20-60% canopy Orchard or plantation - regular spacing Brush - mostly shrubs Fencerow - mix of forms along borders Wetland - low, dense plant cover in wet soils |
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Vegetation succession |
1. Pioneer species 2. Early woody plants 3. young forest 4. nature forest 5. climax community - dynamic equilibrium |
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Primary vs. secondary succession |
Primary succession - newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time Secondary succession - a previously occupied area is disturbed (e.g; fire) then re-colonized |
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Reference map |
Provides info on the features of a specific area E.g; topographic map, climate map |
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Thematic map |
Shows distribution of a specific topic in relation to geographic location E.g; demographics |
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Limitations to mapping |
Abstract presentation of real information Two-dimensional representation of a curved surface Inaccuracies of mapmaker Generalized details |
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Montane ecosystem |
found on the slope of mountains - alpine climate affects ecosystem - moderate climates densely forested, higher up shrublands |
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Chaparral |
A coastal biome with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters |
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Temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands |
Dominated by grasses, generally devoid of trees |
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Taiga |
Low temperatures, northern climate, nutrient-poor soil, low species diversity |
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Tundra |
Treeless polar desert |
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ADA Max Slopes |
Max ramp slope 1:12 Max cross slope on walkway 2% If slope of walkway exceeds 5% it is a ramp and requires railing |
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Plant Pruning techniques |
Deadwooding (removing dead branches) Crown/canopy thinning Crown canopy lifting (removing branches to a certain height) Vista pruning (pruning to frame/show a view) Pollarding (removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches) Espalier (prune and tie branches to a frame) Pleaching (interweave living and dead branches through a hedge for stock control) |
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Accuracy of topographic maps |
Considered accurate to each spot elevation Considered accurate to 1/2 the contour interval |
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Program development |
A research and information gathering phase of the design project in which data is collected from the client, site users and other interested parties to determine project outcomes and uses Acts as a summary of the site inventory and analysis, takes into account the client needs, is a ALTA Surveychecklist against which the design proposal can be assessed and occur before any a lot of design work has been undertaken |
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As-built survey |
Documents a final built work and ensure that a project was constructed according to site plans |
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Slope and microclimate relationships |
Western slopes - hottest in the summer Southern slopes - most sun in winter months Southeastern slopes - most desirable microclimates Northwestern slopes - cold winter winds |
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pH |
7.0 - neutral above 7.0 - alkaline below 7.0 - acidic Above 8.5 - strongly alkaline Below 5.5 - strongly acidic |
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ALTA Survey |
American Land Title Association Survey - boundary information, easements, rights of way, flood zone classification, topography, building locations |
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USGS Quadrangle Map |
Township, range and section, new construction since the last printing, Wetlands, topography |
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Sustainable Sites Design Principles |
Do no harm Precautionary principle Design with nature and culture |
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LEED evaluation measures |
Site design and planning Energy use Water management Materials resources and waste Indoor environmental quality |
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Different pipe materials |
ABS - acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene - lighter than PVC but more than twice as expensive, used primarily as waste and stormwater pipe Cast Iron - durable w low thermal expansion, but no more durable than PVC Concrete pipe - durable and resistant but heavy and expensive to install HDPE - lowest cost, lightest, most flexible - high thermal expansion coefficient PVC - high strength, lightweight, low cost, durable - vinyl chloride is a carcinogen Recycled plastic pipe - available in Canada, opportunity to reuse plastic |
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Building location and orientation |
Elongated building w east-west axis best shape and orientation |
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Aerial photogrammetry |
Provides an accurate mapping of topographic and physiographic features using low-level aerial photography |
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USDA Soil Survey |
Includes info on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, erodibility, rock and drainage characteristics |
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Liquefaction |
Condition where solid ground turns mushy when soils are vibrated - associated with earthquakes |
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Characteristics of expansive soils |
Dry - hard, resistant to penetration by a blade; cut from shovel leaves shiny surface; cracks in more or less regular pattern (indicates expansion potential) Wet - very sticky and accumulates on shoes; can be molded into a ball; knife or shovel will penetrate easily; construction equipment will develop thick soil coating |
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Environmental Site Assessment |
Risk assessment used in planning and feasibility stages of real estate development - evaluates for conditions that are indicative of environmental contamination Information in report should identify and recognized environmental contamination and describe what further steps might be required |
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Cluster Development |
Development is concentrated in smaller part of the site with the rest as open space |
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Z-lot development |
Zero lot line layout in which house is placed on or very near to one property line - often slanted relative to the street, houses designed to increase light and maximize privacy |
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Distribution, and brightness of light |
Distribution - how much light is cast over an area Brightness - the subjective visual sensation related to the intensity of light |
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Formula for ideal stair height |
2R + T= 26 to 27 inches (660 to 686mm) |
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Remediation |
Mitigating a condition that has resulted in a degraded or contaminated landscape |
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Reclamation |
Usually undertaken on landscapes in which features have been destroyed by development |
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Rehabilitation |
Actions taken to restore environmental functions and the vitality of a landscape |
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acrylic polymer |
Added to soils to create a film that allows air and water to penetrate but still binds the soil particles together. Non toxic, run off does not stain concrete |
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Planting for slope stabilization - considerations |
Growth habits, rooting depth, rate of establishment, time of year for seeding, rate of maturation, expected temperature and precipitation |
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Allelopathy |
The chemical competition between plants |
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Benefits of urban stream control |
Reduces small drainage problems Allows for lateral movement of the stream Provides flood control Protects from bank erosion Enhances pollutant removal |
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Classification of stream patterns |
Sinuous - channel vs. meander length of >1.5 Braided - don't have a single main channel Meandering - 1.5 or greater |
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Rosgen Method |
Most commonly used method of stream assessment geomorphic characterization Morphological description Stability potential Preliminary conclusions |
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Sanborn Map |
Maps that used to be used for fire insurance - detailed information about buildings in a community |
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Contributions of vegetation and biotic elements of riparian systems to health of stream |
Roots bind soil of banks Overhanging trees shade streams biotic debris decays and provides nutrients to water Biota increase soil health to increase infiltration and decrease erosion and sedimentation Animals build dams, wallows and other features |
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Fiber Fascine |
A bundle of live cuttings wired or lashed together andsecured - usually at the toe of a bank at or near the water edge |
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Live Stakes |
Living woody plant cuttings that will tolerate cut-ting and still be capable of quickly establishing a new root system. |
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Branch Packing |
Filling a washed out or excavated area with alternating layers of soil andlive branches. Cribwall - uses logs and is a more robust version of branch packing |
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Nonvegetative bank stabilization methods |
Gabions - rock-filled wire baskets wired together Deflectors - divert flow away from an eroding bank |
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Characteristics of hydric soils |
Include gleyed soils, dark clays and organic soils Blueish in colour Anaerobic in upper part Develop under conditions of saturation |
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Placement of plants to buffer sound |
Place closer to sound source as sound attenuates over distance |
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Phytoremediation |
The use of plants to clean up site contamination Phytoextraction - Some plants are efficient collectors of metals such as lead,mercury, or nickel, and these plants are periodically harvested and either incinerated orrecycled. Phytodegradation - plants can decompose certain contaminants once they are absorbed. |
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Bioremediation |
The use of micro flora or fauna to decompose or stabilize contaminants |
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NPK |
Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) - constituents of proteins and nucleic acids, which are important components of plant tissue Potassium (K) - important for the regulation of processes in the plant, such as osmosis and enzyme activities |
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Unified Soil Classification System |
Provides a description of physical characteristics of soilimportant to site development - classification is based on grain sizes from coarse tofine, or on the amount of organic matter in the soil |
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Porosity |
The amount of pore space in a soil and is related to grain size distributionand consolidation. Permeability refers to the rate at which water will freely drainthrough a soil. Clay soils usually have high porosity but low permeability and maysettle considerably when loaded with a foundation, but they have lower compressibility and higher strength. |
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Well graded vs poorly graded soils |
Well-graded = particles of all sizes Poorly-graded = grain distribution affects consolidation and settlement Gap graded = different sizes but missing some sizes so not even distribution |
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Soil Texture Triangle |
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USDA Soil Survey |
Soils are classified as “series,”and these types are further refined into detailed soil map units. The soil descriptionsinclude information on slope, depth to bedrock, soil texture, erodability, rock, and drainage characteristics |
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Slopes of walking paths |
Sidewalks - minimum cross slope of 1% (for drainage), max 3% Longitudinal slope up to 3% - greater than 5% to be avoided in areas w freezing Sidewalk with a >5% should be ramp with handrails in areas where climate is an issue |
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Aggradation |
The filling in of stream channels with sediment |
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Benefits of a focus group |
Can be used to gather public input and interest Can produce both expert and casual opinions Can bring together people with diverse voewpoints |
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What can be determined from aerial photography? |
Determining location of existing buildings Identifying impervious surfaces |
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Military crest |
Area of forward or reverse slope of hill just below topographical crest - maximum observation and direct fire covering the slope down to the base |
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Plant moisture requirements |
Xerophyte - require little moisture to survive, referred to as drought tolerant Mesosphyte - adapted to neither dry nor wet environments Hydrophyte - plants that are adapted to living in aquatic or wetland conditions with a surplus of water |
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Time of concentration |
The amount of time needed for water to flow from the most remote point in a watershed to the watershed outlet |
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Linetypes |
Faint red lines w legal descriptions - quadrangle markings Line dash line - ridge or watershed boundary Line dash dash line - property line Dashed line - easement or trail Line dot dot dot line - swale or drainage path |
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Location along river of erosion vs sedimentation |
Erosion along outer bank of curve Sedimentation along inner bank of curve |
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Dominion Land Survey |
Land division system in Canada. Land is designated as being west of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth meridian, or east of the first or second meridian. Range - six mile wide columns numbered east to west starting at Range 1 west of each meridian Township - six mile wide rows, numbered from south to north starting at USA border Township also refers to square of 36 sections defined by intersecting range and township lines Format for land descriptions: Section-township-range-meridian |
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Options for developer of project as designed fails to meet required setbacks |
Redesign the project, apply for a variance, apply for rezoning |
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What is included in a transportation study? |
AM and PM peak usage, number of left and right turns at intersections, daily trips of vehicles |
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Key factors that contribute to fire danger |
Fuel, topography and weather |
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What is an indicator of soil associations? |
Plant communities |
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Where do drainage basin divides occur? |
Ridges |
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Three reasons that facilities in a park can deviate from standard size requirements |
Specific site design requirements, site characteristics, agency policies |
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Four ways to reduce non-point source pollution of water bodies |
Proper design and placement of septic systems, elimination of fertilizer-laden runoff, on-site retention of storm water runoff, maintaining vegetated buffer between development and surface water bodies |
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What is a concern if soil experiences fluctuating moisture content? |
It could be a shrinking or swelling hazard |
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Mass wasting |
Also known as slope movement or mass movement. The geomorphic process by which soil, sand and rock move downslope, typically as a solid, continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under the force of gravity, frequently w characteristics of a flow. Can be caused by: water, rock type, undercutting, ground shaking |
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Most practical arrangement of seats for informal gatherings and conversation |
Seating for 1-3 people |
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How much seating space per square foot of plaza according to William H Whyte? |
1 linear foot per 30 square feet of plaza. 3 feet per person |
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Minimum distance between intersections onto a collector street |
200 feet. If a design speed of a road is 50 mph minimum safe forward distance is 450 feet |
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Which floodplain is regarded as the area from which all but the most flood-tolerant development should be excluded? |
50 year floodplain |
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Which floodplain is regarded as the area from which all but the most flood-tolerant development should be excluded? |
50 year floodplain |
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Eutrophication |
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, often because of runoff from land Oligotrophic lake is opposite of eutrophic |
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Which floodplain is regarded as the area from which all but the most flood-tolerant development should be excluded? |
50 year floodplain |
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Eutrophication |
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, often because of runoff from land Oligotrophic lake is opposite of eutrophic |
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Maximum desirable continuous long-distance grade for a bike path |
3.5% |
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Which is the best tree form for maximizing ground plane shade? |
Oval |
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Effects of plant texture and colour |
Coarse texture may overrule qualities of form and colour Light coloured and fine textured plants look farther away |
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Which of the 5 elements did Lynch state was the most important for giving order to a city? |
Paths |
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On a planting plan, what is generally not shown vs shown? |
Shown: existing contours, proposed contours, structures Not shown: dimensions |
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Aesthetic satisfaction tends to be derived from a combination of |
Regularity and variety Unity is often a major attribute that offers aesthetic satisfaction |
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Naturally occurring grasslands May indicate that there is not enough _____ to produce trees? |
Rainfall/moisture |
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Ericaceous plant |
Prefers acidic soils (pH 4.5 - 5.0) |
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Forest diversity and number of trees will be greater on which facing slope - north or south? |
North - received more precipitation- have more water available to support trees South facing slopes are hotter and dryer so support only smaller more desert-adapted woody plant species |
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Littoral drift |
Movement of sand grains in the direction of long shore current - like river of sand moving parallel to the shore Littoral zone - nearshore part of a waterbody, close to the shore |
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Siltation |
Process by which water becomes dirty as a result of fine mineral particles in the water |
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Sedimentation |
The tendency of particles in suspension to settle out of a fluid and test against a barrier |
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Igneous vs sedimentary vs metamorphic rock |
Igneous - formed by the cooling of magma inside the earth or on the surface - example: basalt Sedimentary: formed from processes of weathering by veneration or precipitation on the earth’s surface - example: limestone, shale Metamorphic: formed by temperature and pressure changes inside the earth - example: slate |
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Subsidence |
The gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land |
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Four souls that would be unsuitable for base course of a road |
Organic silt Silty clay Silty sand Silty gravel |
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Characteristics of drought-tolerant plants |
Extensive root systems; waxy, succulent leaves; small or greyish leaves |
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What defines native plant associations? |
Repetition of the dominant plants indigenous to a given area |
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What is included in the project initiation phase of the design process? |
Form and organize project development team Draft preliminary goals, objectives and program Identify and secure possible sites |
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What is included in the project initiation phase of the design process? |
Form and organize project development team Draft preliminary goals, objectives and program Identify and secure possible sites |
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Who has ultimate responsibility for securing all necessary permits? |
Owner |
