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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 4 factors comprise Atheletic Therapy "compreshensive care"? |
Prevention Recognition, evaluation, and immediate care Management Rehabilitation and reconditioning |
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What falls within the scope of coaches? |
Safe Practices and policies Safe equipment Save environment minor first aid |
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What should be done if the medical practice is beyond one's scope of practice? |
Refer |
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Pre-Arranged Plans for Safety |
-contacting ems - assigned personnel - access to facilities - communicate plan to involved parties |
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Information to provide to ems |
- situation - suspected injury - condition of the athlete - exact location of the emergency - limitations to access facility |
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What is the purpose of the primary survey? |
determine nature and severity |
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What is the purpose of the secondary survey? |
determine consequence of injury |
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If the player is unconscious you should..? |
Stabilize C spine Check responsiveness - ABCs, shock, bleeding Call 911 Care for patient until ems arrives |
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What constitutes a life threatening injury? |
- Respiratory Emergency - Cardiovascular Emergency - Severe bleeding |
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Types of Shock |
- hypovolemic - respiratory - neurogenic - psychogenic - cardiogenic - septic - anaphylactic - metabolic |
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How to treat shock: |
- maintain body temp - elevate legs 20-30cm above heart - don't provide anything by mouth (in case surgery is required) |
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What does HOPS stand for? |
History Observation Palpation Special tests |
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What are SOAP notes? |
Subjective - patient report Objective - observations, vital signs Assessment - findings, special tests, ROM Plan - Management, rehab, short and long term goals |
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Why use ice? |
- slows metabolism of cells - decreases inflammation - decreases pain - decreases muscle spasms - attenuates inflammatory process - decreases swelling and secondary hypoxic injury |
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When is the appropriate window of time for using ice? |
Within the first 72 hours of injury |
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Why do we practice elevation of the injured site? |
- decreases hemorrhage - decreases blood pooling |
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What are the rules of emergency emotional care? |
1. accept everyone's right to their own feelings 2. accept injured person's limitations as real 3. accept your own limitations as a provider of health care |
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What is "creep"? |
When the deformation extends beyond the elastic capabilities of the tissue - permanent deformation --> rupture of when the tissue fails to resist a load |
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What are the types of forces on the bone? |
- compression - tension - shear - bending - torsion |
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What are the classifications of MOI? |
- acute - chronic - idiopathic |
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What are the types of muscle tissue? |
- cardiac - smooth - striated |
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Describe the different classifications of muscle strains: |
1 - fibres stretched, some tenderness, ROM usually intake 2 - Fibres torn, active contraction painful, defect in muscle upon palpation, swelling and bruising, decreased ROM 3 - Complete rupture, significant impairment, deformity easily observed |
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Ions related to muscle cramps |
Na, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl- |
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What are the classifications of spasm? |
Clonic - involuntary, alternating between contraction and relaxation Tonic - sustained contraction |
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What is muscle guarding? |
An act of self splinting when an injury occurs. Muscles contract to protect the injured area. |
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Muscle Soreness stems from: |
- increase in exercise - unaccustomed exercise |
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What can develop from untreated contusions? |
Myositis ossificans |
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Components of the joint |
- joint capsule - synovial fluid - ligaments - cartilage - sometimes menisci |
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What are the classifications of sprains? |
1. Some stretching, minimal instability, some stiffness 2. some tearing, moderate instability, severe pain, stiffness, swelling, and discoloration 3. complete rupture, gross instability, tons of swelling occurs |
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What are the dangers with relocating dislocations for first-timers? |
there could be a hidden fracture. Improper healing could result in: - contracture - necrosis |
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Name the areas of the bone seen in a transverse cross-section |
- outer bone = compact bone - inner bone = cancellous - periosteum |
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What are the functions of the bone? |
- body support - organ protection - movement - calcium storage - formation of blood cells |
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Types of bones |
- flat - skull, ribs, scapulae - irregular - vertebral, skull - short - wrist, ankle - long - humerus, ulna, radius, fibula, tibia, femur, phalanges |
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What is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts? |
osteoclasts - break down bone osteoblasts - build bone |
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What is Wolff's law? |
Bone will adapt to how you stress it/ |
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Causes of a stress fracture |
1. Overtraining 2. Going back to compete too soon after and injury 3. Transitioning into another sport w/o training 4. Starting initial training too quickly 5. Changing habits - ex. new shoes |
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Define: hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, and paresthesia |
hypo - diminished sensation hyper - intensified sensation para - numbness |
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What are the stages of healing? |
1. Inflammatory process 2. Fibroblastic repair 3. maturation/ remodeling phase |
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What are the cells involved in innate immune response? |
- macrophages - phagocytosis - dendritic cells - antigen presentation - bridges gaps between innate and adaptive immunity - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils - initial response to pathogens |
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What are classified as mast cells? |
Eosinophils and Basophils |
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What is the purpose of mast cells? |
- histamine and leukotriene release = increased mucus production and smooth muscle contractions |
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Adaptive Immunity involves |
T cells - cytokine release B cells - antibody release |
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Rubor = |
Redness |
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Tumor = |
swelling |
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Dolar = |
tenderness |
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Calor = |
Increased temp |
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Functio Laesa |
Loss of function |
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Early inflammation |
- response serves a function - conserved process across numerous species - important for normal healing |
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Chemical mediators of inflammation |
P and E selectin = adhesion of leukocytes to the vascular wall |
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Diapedesis is..? |
The process used to bring leukocytes across the vascular wall, into the damaged tissue |
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The process of inflammatory response |
1. damaged tissue releases histamines, increasing blood flow 2. Histamines = capillary leakage --> phagocytes and clotting factors 3. phagocytes engulf bacteria, dead cells and cell debris 4. platelets move out of the capillaries to seal the wound |
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The role of Neutrophils |
- 1st responder (2hrs and peak at 6-12) - rapid decline after 24 hrs - contributes to 2 degree hypoxic injury |
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Role of Macrophages |
- 2nd on the site - peaks 24-48hrs - excellent source of growth factor |
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ED1 or M1 macrophages |
- phagocytosis - circulate as monocytes - once activated = M1 - 24-48hrs then declines |
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ED2 or M2 macrophages |
- resident macrophages - around 48hrs once most of it is cleared up - key player in repair and regeneration - interacts with fibroblasts and tissue repair |
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fibroblastic repair phase |
- begins within first few days of injury up to 4-6weeks - fibroplasia = scar formation |
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Scar classifications
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1. skin, fascia, tendon, bone, ligament, cartilage 2. hyaline cartilage, vertebral disks 3. skin, smooth muscle, nerves and blood vessels |
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Maturation-Remodelling Phase |
- long-term process - remodelling of collagen and realignment of fibres - decrease in type 3 and increase in type 1` |
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Explain ligament healing |
- either extraarticular or intraarticular - fibrin clot to bridge the gap ends of ligaments - progressive stress and exercise essential for healing |
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Explain nerve healing |
- if the cell body dies, so does the nerve - peripheral nerve damage heals easily - nerve boutons are produced which try to connect to ACh receptor sites - muscles help by upregulating ACh - only one sprout survives --> new myelin forms (3-4mm/day) |
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Bone healing |
- periosteum damaged = blood vessel damage - fibroblasts lay down collagen network -- callus between broken bones - osteoblast proliferates and replaces cartilage network - callus crystalizes - remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
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Goals of rehab |
- pain free movement - regain full strength - regain extensibility |
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Nociceptors |
- mechanical, thermal, and chemical signals |
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Afferent nerve sizes |
A alpha - large A beta - large A sigma - small C - small |
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Gate theory of pain control |
A beta afferents override pain signals from the A sigma and C nerves --> doesn't allow noxious signals to proceed |
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Descending pain control |
- stimulation of efferent descending pathways - blocks A sigma and C through enkephalin and norepinephrine |
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Beta endorphin |
- noxious signals from A sigma and C stimulate release of opiate-like chemical beta endorphin - strong analgesic |
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Cryotherapy |
- should be absorbed through the skin for greatest effect - type, intensity, duration, tissue response - Conduction, convection, radiation, conversion |
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Cardinal planes |
Sagittal - L vs R Coronal - front and back transverse - top and bottom |
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Name the arches of the foot |
- metatarsal arch - transverse arch - medial longitudinal arch - lateral longitudinal arch |
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Inversion sprains occur through: |
- supination, plantar flexion, adduction |
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Eversion sprains occur through: |
- pronation, dorsiflexion, abduction |
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High ankle sprains |
- rotation of the talus in the mortis joint |
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Pott's fracture |
- an avulsion fracture of the fibula |
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Shin split |
Medial tibial stress syndrome
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sever's disease |
apophysitis of calcaneous |
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Jones fracture |
5th metatarsal |
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Layers of the ACL |
- Anteriomedia - taut in flexion - intermediate - Posteriolateral - taut in extension |
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Movements of the knee |
flexion, extension, rotation, rolling, gliding |
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Osteochondral Lesions |
- compression to the articular cartilage - can reattach within 10 days - can result in osteochondritis dissecans |
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Muscles associated with Runner's Knee |
- sartorius - Gracilis - semitendinosus - bursa |
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MPFL |
Medial patellar femoral ligament |
