Kins 380 Exam #1 Questions

Front 1

Define the 1st law of Thermodynamics

Back 1

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but transformed from one form to another without being depleted.

Front 2

Energy Substrate = ______

Back 2

ATP

Front 3

(T/F) We store more PCr than ATP

Back 3

True.

Front 4

What is the process than involves hydrolysis of triglycerides into 1 glycerol and 3 FFA chains?

Back 4

Glycolysis

Front 5

What is the enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis?

Back 5

Lipase.

Front 6

What are factors that lead to a decrease in force generating capacity?

Back 6

1. Increased levels of muscle lactate.

2. decrease in glycogen supply

3. fatigue in the neuromuscular junction

Front 7

What is ATPase?

Back 7

The enzyme responsible for hydrolizing ATP during sliding filament theory.

Front 8

Protein synthesis ________ during exercise, and ________ after exercise

Back 8

Decreases, Increases

Front 9

How can inhibition of muscles increase strength gains?

Back 9

1. Coactivation

2. Decreased sensitivity of golgi tendon organs

Front 10

Immobilization primarily affects Type____ fibers

Back 10

Type 1

Front 11

How many ATP can palmitic acid yield?

Back 11

106 ATP

Front 12

The glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for....

Back 12

15sec-2min

Front 13

Potential energy content of a substrate is expressed in these units:

Back 13

kcals/g

Front 14

How do we break down Acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle and what do we net from one glucose molecule?

Back 14

Citric Acid: Acetyl-CoA --> GTP --> ATP

Net= 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH

Front 15

The process of converting nonglucose substrates into glucose is called __________

Back 15

Gluconeogenesis.

Front 16

(T/F) During Concentric contraction of a bicep curl, we create more force at slower speeds..

Back 16

True.

Front 17

3 main components of the stretch reflex:

Back 17

1. Muscle spindles/Golgi tendon organs

2. Afferent: muscle fiber to spinal cord

3. Efferent: spinal cord to muscle fiber

Front 18

What factor causes fatigue after 1-2min of high-intensity exercise?

Back 18

Lactic Acid Accumulation.

Front 19

Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame because?...

Back 19

Because glycogen stores are depleted, slowing processes down.

Front 20

What energy do we yield during Beta-Oxidation?

Back 20

NADH and FADH

Front 21

The most common conversion of muscle fiber types is Type _____ to Type _____.

Back 21

Type IIa to Type IIx

Front 22

The release of _________ initiates the power stroke during the sliding filament theory.

Back 22

Phosphate.

Front 23

Type II fibers have a highly developed ______, suggesting that they are more adept at delivering calcium into the muscle cell during contraction.

Back 23

SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Front 24

Explain how energy is created in the electron transport chain.

Back 24

H+ electrons are carried to the ETC via NADH and FADH molecules. H+ electrons travel down the chain and combine with O2. These electrons + O2 help form ATP.

Front 25

What are 3 rate limiting enzymes? What will speed up/slow down the activation of these enzymes? Which energy system is each of these enzymes found in?

Back 25

Glycolysis: PFK - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ PFK activity

/\ ATP --> \/ PFK activity

ATP-PCr: CK - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ CK activity /\ ATP --> \/ CK activity

Krebs: IDH - \/ ATP (/\ ADP) --> /\ IDH activity /\ ATP --> \/ IDH activity

Front 26

The release of energy for PCr is catalyzed by:

1. Phosphocreatine

2. Creatine Kinase

3. Creatinine

4. Creatine phosphate

Back 26

CK (Creatine Kinase)

Front 27

What are the 4 end fates of lactate?

Back 27

Taken up by the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and the brain.

Front 28

What are some pros and cons of lactate?

Back 28

Pros: Anaerobic, fast, creates sugar

Cons: Increased acidity, Increased fatigue, slows glycolysis.

Front 29

How many ATP are produced for 1 NADH and 1 FADH?

Back 29

NADH = 2.5 ATP

FADH = 1.5 ATP

Front 30

As intensity increases, in which order are fibers recruited?

Back 30

Type I, Type IIa, Type IIx

Front 31

(T/F) Type IIa fibers exhibit a mixture of slow and fast twitch characteristics.

Back 31

True.

Front 32

Conducting AP, transporting nutrients to the muscle fiber, and accommodating their stretch are all actions performed by the ___________.

Back 32

plasmalemma.

Front 33

Explain what is occurring during glycolysis, and what is the net gain from this?

Back 33

Investment phase: uses 2 ATP

Cleavage phase: into 2, three-carbon molecules

Pay-off phase: --> Net: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate molecules.

Front 34

The A bands of the sarcomere represent areas of:

1. thin filaments

2. thick filaments

3. thin and thick filaments

4. filament attachment

Back 34

Thin and Thick filaments

Front 35

Absolute strength gains are typically greatest in:

1. Women

2. Men

3. Children

4. The Elderly

Back 35

Men

Front 36

Describe the Gradation of Force Principle.

Back 36

The force of muscle action varies from slight to maximal in one of two mechanisms:

1. Increasing the # of motor units recruited

2. Increasing the frequency of motor unit discharge.

Front 37

Which of the following is/are true about the myelin sheath?

a. Made of Schwann cells

b. Allow for saltatory conduction

c. Insulate the nerve cell

d. All of these

Back 37

All of these.

Front 38

Which ion transporter is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?

Back 38

Na+,K+, ATPase pump

Front 39

What are 3 variables that help determine which fiber type we will use?

Back 39

Age, Training, Genetics

Front 40

Describe the difference between Type I and Type II muscle fibers in regards to sarcoplasmic reticulum, motor units, events, substrates.

Back 40

Type I: smaller neurons, innervates <300 fibers, endurance events. (marathon)

Type II: larger neurons, innervates >300 fibers, more developed SR for faster calcium release.

-Type IIa: short, high-intensity endurance (1600m)

-Type IIx: short, explosive sprints (100m)

Front 41

What set of factors determines the rate of ATP production?

Back 41

Substrate availability and enzyme activity.

Front 42

What are the 4 adaptions that occur to cause an increase in muscle hypertrophy?

Back 42

1. More myofibrils

2. More actin, myosin filaments

3. More sarcoplasm

4. More connective tissue

Front 43

What is myostatin's role in the body? Also, what happens when we are deficient in myostatin?

Back 43

Myostatin controls the growth of muscles in the body. Deficiency = Increase in body muscle (potenially harmful).

Front 44

What is the difference (physiologically) between immobilization and detraining?

Back 44

Detraining: planned, still some movement, when return 1 rep max can actually increase.

Immobilization: 3-4% muscle strength lost in less than 24hrs, atrophy of muscle, decreased protein synthesis.

Front 45

Many marathon runners "hit the wall" around mile 20. What does this tell you about glycogen?

Back 45

That their glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20.

Front 46

During the 400m sprint (50-60sec), which two metabolic pathways will be primarily involved?

Back 46

ATP-PCr and Glycolysis

Front 47

Discuss strength training for children/adolescents and elderly individuals.

Back 47

Children: mostly body weight resistance training. Strength training is okay with supervision to make sure they are using proper form and safety precautions are taken.

Elderly: Helps /\ quality of life and \/ # of falls. Also need super vision for safety and technique.

Front 48

(T/F) NADH and FADH contribute to ATP production during electron transport chain.

Back 48

True.

Front 49

(T/F) Carbohydrate oxidation contributes to glycolysis and PCr.

Back 49

True.