Psych 380 Exam 1

Front 1

Characteristics which define abnormal behavior

Back 1

-distress
-impairment
-risk to self or others
-socially/culturally unacceptable behavior

Front 2

Three major causes of abnormal behavior

Back 2

Biological: genetics, medical reasons, exposure to enviromental stim,

Psych: life experiences, traumatic experiences

Soci/Cult: troubled relationships (different levels of intereaction)

Front 3

What is the biophychosicoal perspective of abnormality?

Back 3

refers to the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors playing a role in the development of an individual

Front 4

Describe the diathesis-stress model

Back 4

diathesis: predisposition to a disorder (genetic)
stress: triggers risk for developing disorder

idea=person may be likely to develop disease his whole life but won't show symptoms until stressed just right

Front 5

What are some psych ideas/practices from ancient history?

Back 5

-trephining: drill hole in your head to release demons
-exorcism: magical person drives away spirits
-Hippocrates: made theory that black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood were main body componants/source of issue

Front 6

What is an asylum?

Back 6

poorhouses which housed emotionally disturbed persons (lunatics)

Front 7

Compare the medical model and the psychoanalytic model of abnormal behavior

Back 7

med: view that ab. behav.s are based in physcial problems, should be treated mecially (belief of APA when founded)

psych: ab. behav. explained by unconcious mind (Mesmer)

Front 8

Describe hysteria

Back 8

disorder where psychological problems manifested in physical form, treated with hypnosis by Charcot

Front 9

Describe the deinstitutionalizaiton movement, and its effects

Back 9

-promoted release of psychiatric clients into society (end cruel treatment)
-patients had little stability (underfunding of alternative housing), many became homeless or recieved insufficient treatment

Front 10

What is a concordance rate?

Back 10

the likelihood of relatives having the same disorder as you

Front 11

Differentiate 'patient' and 'client' in terms of implications and usage

Back 11

pt: someone who is ill, passively being treated. Holds stigma in psych field

clt: person seeking professional treatment, relfects collaborative endevor of therapy. Preferred term

Front 12

Differentiate 'psychiatrist' from 'clinical psychologist'

Back 12

psychi: medical Dr (MD)

psycho: PhD or PsyD, trained in counseling rather than on disorders, trained in testing

Front 13

4 assumptions of the DSM-IV

Back 13

-medical model (disorder viewed as disease)
-atheoretical orientation (descriptive, not explanatory)
-categorical approach (group diseases with similarities)
-multiaxial system (characterized in multidimensional way)

Front 14

5 Axes of DSM-IV

Back 14

I: Clinical Disorders (ie depression, schizo)
II: Personality Disorders and Mental retardation (enduring aspects of person)
III: General Medical Conditions (lasting or recent)
IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (ie problems with parents, economic problems)
V: Global Assessment of Functioning (scale of 1-100)

Front 15

Describe some culture-bound syndromes

Back 15

-patterns of behavior particular to a certain culture
ie: ghost sickness= preoccupation with the deceased (Amer. Indian)
ie: Mal de ojo= under influence of the evil eye (Mediterranean cultures)

Front 16

Differentiate between immediate management, short term goals, and long term goals

Back 16

imm: address most pressing needs at moment (calm down)
Shrt: change thinking, behavior, or emotions
long: alterations in personality and relationships

Front 17

Describe psychiatric hospitals: who they're for and what they do

Back 17

-treat clients at risk of harming self or others (admitted or committed)
-some new drug regimens are best done in a hospital
-observe client carefully and control environment

Front 18

Describe outpatient treatment facilities: who they're for and what they do

Back 18

-prefered for most clients
-in clinics or private office
-individual or group sessions
-may offer vocational counseling, self-help organizaions, help with domestic management, etc

Front 19

What is a community mental helth center?

Back 19

outpatient clinics that provide services on a sliding fee scale

Front 20

Describe halfway houses: who they're for and what they do

Back 20

-clients need more services than outpatient, but are ready to live in the community
-live with other deinstitutionalized people
-staffed by professionals to help get them living independantly again

Front 21

Describe day treatment programs: who they're for and what they do

Back 21

-clients don't need a hospital, do need structure
-formally hospitalized

Front 22

Describe other types of treatment sites: who they're for and what they do

Back 22

-schools: guidance counselors and school psychologists (intervene with emotionally disturbed students)
-workplace: Employee Assisstance Program (help employees who has issues that might cause them to lose their job)

Front 23

What is miliue therapy?

Back 23

premise that environment (hospital) is a major component of the treatment. Working in a new setting is more beneficial than at the client's home

Front 24

Differentiate unstructured interview from structured interview

Back 24

UN: series of open-ended questions. Gather histories and general info

St: standardized questions, formally administered

Front 25

What are the componants of a Mental Status Examination as observed by the clinician?

Back 25

-Appearance and Behavior
-Orientation (aware of self and surroundings)
-Content of thought (obsessions, delusions, overvalued ideas, magical thinking)
-Thinking style and language (vocab, syntax)
-Affect and mood (what they show, how they feel)
-Perceptual experiences (hallucinations)
-Sense of Self (identity confusion)
-Motivation
-Cognitive functioning
-Insight and judgement

Front 26

What are 3 types of reliability sought in psychological testing?

Back 26

test-retest: take test 2x, get same score

interjudge: 2 people give same score for same item

internal consistancy: people with same level of symptom report same score on item

Front 27

What types of validity are sought in psychological testing?

Back 27

content: test reflects the info it's designed to test

criterion: scores related to other measues taken at same time, relate to future performance

construct: measures a theoretically derived psychological quality

Front 28

Describe the Stanford-Binet IQ test

Back 28

-records mental age / chronological age = IQ
-100 = average

Front 29

Describe the Wechsler Intelligence Scales

Back 29

-derivation IQ= convert score to show score in relation to others

Front 30

Describe self-report clinical invetories

Back 30

-standardized test items completed by individual being tested
-MPPI and MPPI-2 are common ones

Front 31

Describe projective testing

Back 31

-designed to tap into unconscious
-presented with ambiguous item and asked to describe in own thoughts
-ie inkblots

Front 32

What does a behavioral self report serve to do?

Back 32

-client reports frequency of target behaviors or thoughts
-client may not always recognize behavior is happening, might take inaccurate records

Front 33

Describe behavioral observations

Back 33

-preferred to take in vivo (natural context), record instances of target behavior

Front 34

Describe environment assessment scales

Back 34

-client uses scale to rate relationships with family on many levels and behaviors that occur there

Front 35

Describe psychophysiological assessments

Back 35

-assess changes in body occurring in response to stressors
-muscular tension, skin responses (Galvanic Skin Response), etc

Front 36

What are some brain imaging techniques used in relation to physiological psych assessment?

Back 36

EEG
CAT / CT
MRI, functional MRI
PET scan

Front 37

What is a neoropsychological assessment? Examples?

Back 37

-gathers info on brain from psych tests, not imaging
-Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
-may involve MPPI-1 or WAIS-III

Front 38

What is the emphasis of psychodynamic perspective?

Back 38

-theoretical orientation emphasizing unconscious determinants of behavior

Front 39

Describe Freud's idea of psychodynamics

Back 39

-interaction between the id, ego, and superego
-balance 'pleasure principle' of id with 'reality principle' of ego and 'ego ideal' of super ego

Front 40

What are the psychosexual stages?

Back 40

-oral stage ~18mos
-anal stage 18mos~3yrs
-phallic stage 3yrs~5yrs (sexually attracted to opposite sex parent)
-genital stage 12yrs+
-latency 5-12yrs

Front 41

Describe Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

Back 41

-trust v mistrust
-autonomy v shame/doubt
-initiative v guilt
-industry v inferiority
-ID achievement v diffusion
-intimacy v isolation
-generativity v stagnation
-ego integrity v despair

Front 42

Name some forms of psychoanalytic treatment

Back 42

-free association
-dream analysis
-transference (transfer feelings towards others onto clinician)
-working though (achieve healthier resolution from childhood issues)

Front 43

What did Mary Aisnworth study and describe?

Back 43

-attachment style
-fearful, preoccupied, dismissing, secure

Front 44

What is the humanistic perspective

Back 44

-human motivation is based on the inherent tendency to strive for self-fulfillment and meaning in life

Front 45

What is Carl Roger's theory about?

Back 45

"Person centered theory"
-self image and experiences should have congruence
-conditions of worth-child is only loved if conditions are met

Front 46

What is Maslow's theory about?

Back 46

"Self-actualization theory"
-hierarchy of needs which must be fulfilled
-physiological, security/safety, love/affiliation, esteem, self actualization needs

Front 47

Describe the sociocultural perspective

Back 47

emphasizes ways that individuals are influenced by people, social institutions, and social forces in the world
-family perspective: problems stem from family issues
-social discrimination: issues stem from discrimination
-social influences and historical events

Front 48

Describe some treatments from the sociocultural perspective

Back 48

-family therapy
-group therapy
-milieu therapy

Front 49

What are the primary and secondary reinforcers of operant conditioning?

Back 49

1: satisfy biological need, intrinsically rewarding

2: used to obtain primary reinforcers (ie money, priase)

Front 50

Keywords associated with Bandura's theory

Back 50

-modeling
-vicarious reinforcement
-Social Cognitive Theory
-self-efficacy

Front 51

What are some things described by theories of Ellis and Beck?

Back 51

-automatic thoughts ("that was a stupid thing to say...")
-dysfunctional attitudes
-irrational beliefs

Front 52

What are some treatment techniques in Cognitively based theories

Back 52

-conditioning techniques (counterconditioning, systematic desensitization,
-contingency management techniques (reward for good, no reward for bad; token economy)
-modeling and self-efficacy training
-cognitive therapies (cog. restructuring,

Front 53

What is the multifactorial polygenic threshold model?

Back 53

-several genes of varying influence are involved in the transmission of a disorder or characteristic

Front 54

What are some treatments in the biological model of psych?

Back 54

-psychosurgery (disconnect parts of brain from each other)
-ECT (shock treatments)
-medications (SSRIs, etc)
-biofeedback (somatic intervention combined with behavioral principles)

Front 55

Points for the case that Psych Debriefing is a Harmful Intervention for Survivors of Trauma

Back 55

-mostly emotional first aid
-if tools are not fully understood or are dogmatically applied, can be harmful
-more emphasis should be on screening and providing services
-CISM and CISD aren't easily distinguishable
-used as a first resort

Front 56

Points against the case the Psych Debriefing is Harmful to Trauma Victims

Back 56

-not intended as sub. for psychotherapy
-when used right, it works
-study confused CISM and CISD--they're different!
-not recommended until several weeks after incident

Front 57

Points supporting that Blocked and Recovered Memories are Valid Phenomena

Back 57

-recognized for 2 centuries in soldiers, holocaust, child abuse victims
-DSM mentions it's definition
-people unlikely to form fast traumatic memories
-little support of "false memory syndrome"

Front 58

Points against Blocked and Recovered memories being valid phenomena

Back 58

-claims emerge from clinical folklore, not empirical studies
-since stress triggers hormones for memory, stressful events should be easier to remember
-false memory syndrome= person creates new identity based on memory

Front 59

Points supporting Psychologists being able to prescribe medication

Back 59

-people have urgent unmet needs that can be alleviated by both therapy and meds
-offer more options and better referrals. 85% of psych drugs Rx'd by Drs with no psych training
-military psychs do it successfully
-easier to see one professional, not 2

Front 60

Points against Psychologists being able to Prescribe meds

Back 60

-little reason to think psychs would relocate to help needy areas
-some pts more comfortable with PCP, some HMOs only cover meds by PCP
-study with military psychs was only 10 people, hard to generalize that
-why not just improve relations between psychs and MDs?

Front 61

Points supporting that exposure to media violence promotes violent behavior

Back 61

-causal relation shown between seeing violent portrayals and expressing subsequent aggression
-longitudinal study shows relation between violence on TV at age 8, aggression at age 18, and violent/criminal acts at age 30
-may cause desensitization to viewers
-lack of adequate context or message that "crime doesn't pay"

Front 62

Points against the idea that exposure to media violence promotes violent behavior

Back 62

-violent media= arousing, =activities performed more strongly
-longitudinal and cross-national studies produce more non-support than support
-not meant to represent morals, just entertainment
-little or no evidence of desensitization occurring
-may be real-world violence, not fake, that people imitate

Front 63

Points supporting that Divorce is Always detrimental to children

Back 63

-kids experience more singular trauma, instability can have cumulative effects
-permanently alters lives of kids
-live in fear that they will repeat parent's mistakes
-develop more slowly
-doesn't always make kids happier than when parents were together

Front 64

Points AGAINST the idea that divorce is always detrimental to children

Back 64

-if parent is stable, there are no/less unstable effects
-effects not irreversible
-individuals greatly influence their own future
-some children emerge from divorce more resilient and mature
-some contend that life IS better after the divorce

Front 65

Describe "Bill" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 65

-homeless man in Amherst
-musically talented
-dresses inappropriately for weather
-goes around streets picking up trash (putting order into his world)

Front 66

Describe "Andrew" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 66

-3 Martians followed him everywhere
-treated with Thorozine, developed Tardive diskinesia of facial muscles
-drank insectiside to kill "bugs crawling inside him"
-LSD: stress to his diathesis (dad had schizo.)

Front 67

What is the concordance rate of schizophrenia in identical twins? What does this show about the nature of the disease?

Back 67

-48.7%
-shows the biopsychosocial explanation, not guaranteed to develop disorder

Front 68

Describe "Derek" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 68

-crying in waiting room, in t-shirt and disheveled
-"going crazy" since Dec. 10th, when he tried to sleep with an old coach
-"can't get clean"
-sees men after him when he's stressed
-brief psychotic disorder, marked stressors

Front 69

Describe "Edward" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 69

-locked self in bedroom while packing for school
-"impostor syndrome"= got somewhere in life by mistake, hadn't earned it
-adjustment disorder w/mixed anxiety and depressed mood

Front 70

Describe "Ben" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 70

-came to Halgin and wanted test batteries
-IQ too normal, tests seemed exaggerated
-given WAIS-III, Thematic Aperception Test (TAT), MMPI

Front 71

Describe "Arthur" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 71

-sat near doors in Mahar
-scared of staying in apartment alone, went to HoJo and slept with machete until roommates came home
-scared of blood pressure being taken
-examples of classical conditioning: associate alone & BP with grandad dying
-treated with counterconditioning, systematic desensitization

Front 72

Describe "Ted" and his symptoms/disorder

Back 72

-arms became paralyzed one day
-pissed that Drs didn't know what they were doing
-liked to dress in women's clothing for comfort (paralysis= "can't even dress myself")
-