Genetics & Human Performance
Abstract
1.1 Review
1.2 Genetics association with athletic performance
When it comes to sport and performance, there is a major difference between the recreational athlete and the elite athlete. When it comes to comparing elite against elite, there can be many variable differences such as training volume, frequency and so on but what truly separates the best from the rest is those who fortunate enough to have the right mixture of Genetics with the correct training and nutrition (Myburgh 2003). We are all able to reach our highest training potential and eat correctly but this is not the same case for our genetic potential. It’s fixed and the greater it is the higher capacities you can reach in training. Therefore …show more content…
Heritability varied from 20% to 75% depending on the factors. These factors included, maximum oxygen uptake at steady state and in response to training. (Bouchard et al. 1998 & 99), oxygen consumption and power output during submaximal exercise (Pe´russe et al. 2001), stroke volume and cardiac output during submaximal exercise (An et al. 2000) and the exercise heartrate response to training (An et al. 2003c). Other factors like strength, anaerobic peak power, anaerobic capacity and even muscle fibre growth have all been shown to be linked with heritability. Following on from this studies started focusing on what genes and other components compliment what aspects of performance. …show more content…
Which in turn is converted to pyruvic acid and enters the mitochondria, Oxidative phosphorylation occurs converting it to a huge amount of ATP. It is a double stranded circular molecule. It encodes the 13 essential peptides, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs needed for oxidative phosphorylation (Shina et al). There are numerous studies based around the concept of variation in mtDNA and endurance athletes. Mitochondria is involved in generating energy (ATP) for immediate use. Its oxidative ability was assessed in a range of different studies involving enzyme activity, oxygen consumption and rate of ATP synthesis, correlation between its functions and performance have been investigated. Suter et al (1995) studied whether or not mitochondrial volume density in skeletal muscle had any correlation with Vo2max and power output. It was concluded they were significantly connected. After 6months endurance training, volume density had increased similarly to Vo2max and power output. Muscular mitochondria density in endurance athletes was higher than in untrained counterparts. (Puntschart et al 1995). Therefore Volume density in skeletal muscle is associated with all-round performance. There is a strong link between ATP production rate and Vo2max, and was shown that endurance training increases ATP production rate (Wibom et al 1992). The mitochondrial genome has 37
Abstract
1.1 Review
1.2 Genetics association with athletic performance
When it comes to sport and performance, there is a major difference between the recreational athlete and the elite athlete. When it comes to comparing elite against elite, there can be many variable differences such as training volume, frequency and so on but what truly separates the best from the rest is those who fortunate enough to have the right mixture of Genetics with the correct training and nutrition (Myburgh 2003). We are all able to reach our highest training potential and eat correctly but this is not the same case for our genetic potential. It’s fixed and the greater it is the higher capacities you can reach in training. Therefore …show more content…
Heritability varied from 20% to 75% depending on the factors. These factors included, maximum oxygen uptake at steady state and in response to training. (Bouchard et al. 1998 & 99), oxygen consumption and power output during submaximal exercise (Pe´russe et al. 2001), stroke volume and cardiac output during submaximal exercise (An et al. 2000) and the exercise heartrate response to training (An et al. 2003c). Other factors like strength, anaerobic peak power, anaerobic capacity and even muscle fibre growth have all been shown to be linked with heritability. Following on from this studies started focusing on what genes and other components compliment what aspects of performance. …show more content…
Which in turn is converted to pyruvic acid and enters the mitochondria, Oxidative phosphorylation occurs converting it to a huge amount of ATP. It is a double stranded circular molecule. It encodes the 13 essential peptides, 2 ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNAs needed for oxidative phosphorylation (Shina et al). There are numerous studies based around the concept of variation in mtDNA and endurance athletes. Mitochondria is involved in generating energy (ATP) for immediate use. Its oxidative ability was assessed in a range of different studies involving enzyme activity, oxygen consumption and rate of ATP synthesis, correlation between its functions and performance have been investigated. Suter et al (1995) studied whether or not mitochondrial volume density in skeletal muscle had any correlation with Vo2max and power output. It was concluded they were significantly connected. After 6months endurance training, volume density had increased similarly to Vo2max and power output. Muscular mitochondria density in endurance athletes was higher than in untrained counterparts. (Puntschart et al 1995). Therefore Volume density in skeletal muscle is associated with all-round performance. There is a strong link between ATP production rate and Vo2max, and was shown that endurance training increases ATP production rate (Wibom et al 1992). The mitochondrial genome has 37