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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the storage forms and usable forms of Fats? |
Storage: Triglycerides Usuable: Free Fatty Acids |
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What is the process called when you go from Fat stores to FAA pool? |
Lipolysis |
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What is the process called when you go from FAA pool to Fat stores? |
Lipogenesis |
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What is the storage and usable form of CHO? |
Storage: Glucose Useable: Glycogen |
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What is the process when you go from glucose to glycogen stores? |
Glycogenesis |
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What is the process called when you go from glycogen to glucose? |
Glycogenloysis |
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What is the process caleed when you go from amino acids to glucose? |
gluconeogensis |
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What is the storage and useable form of protein? |
Storage: Amino Acids Useable: Body protein |
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What is the process of going from amino acids to body protein? |
Protein Synthesis |
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What is the process of going from body protein to amino acids? |
Protein breakdown |
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What are the two main metbolic pathways and their subsystems? |
Anerobic Metabolism -ATP-PCr -Glycolytic Aerobic Metabolism -The oxidative _-Krebs _-B-ox _-ETC |
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What is the location, duration, function, rate limiting enzyme for the ATP-PCr system? |
Location: Cytoplasm Duration: 15 sec Function: Immediate energy Rate limiting enzyme: Creatine Kinase |
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What is the location, duration, function, rate limiting enzyme for the anerobic glycolysis system? |
Location: Cytoplasm Duration: 1-2 mins Function: ATP from CHO Rate limiting enzyme: AcetylCoA |
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What are the two possible fates for pyruvate? |
if no 02 is present It either turns to lactic acid or if 02 is present it enters the mitochondria and produces AcetylCoA |
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Describe a relaxed muscle in terms of AP's to muscle, ect. |
No action potentials traveling through a relaxed muscle. Calcium ions are in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, tropomyosin is covering the binding site, and the myosin heads are at 90 degrees w/ ADP+Pi |
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List the 8 steps of the initiation of a muscle contraction |
-Brain sends signal through the AMN to the neuromuscular junction -Acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction -It binds to the plasmalemma -Action potential travels down the t-tubules to the sacrcoplasmic reticulum -SR releases calcium into the sarcoplasm -Calcium binds to troponin -Toponin pulls off tropomyosin -Actin and myosin crossbridge |
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List the 10 steps of the sliding filament theory |
-At rest the myosin head is at 90 degrees w/ADP+Pi on it -Inorganic phosphate is released -Triggers powerstroke -Myosin heads fold to 45 degrees and pulls the actin with it -ADP is released -Triggers rigor state -New ATP binds to the myosin head -Actin and myosin disassociate -ATP gets brokwn down ATP<ATPase>ADP+Pi+E -Energy is released and myosin head retuns to 90 w/ ADP+Pi |
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What is the equation for the breakdown of ATP? |
ATP<ATPase>ADP+Pi |
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What characteristics of a muscle determine its force production? |
Muscle fiber size Motor Unit size |
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What is the principle of orderly recruitment? |
Recruited from smallest to largest |
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What happens regarding to force at high speeds with concentric contractions? |
Force decreases |
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What happens regarding to force at high spees with eccentric contraction? |
Force increases |
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I band |
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Red: H band Green: A band |
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Titin filament |
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Green: Thin filament Red: Thick Filament |
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Z Disc |
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Are there any AP's traveling through a relaxed muscle? |
No |
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Where are the Calcium ions in a relaxed muscle? |
Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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What is a motor unit? |
One alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle it innervates |
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Does lipolysis store or make usuable substrates? |
usuable |
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Does lipogenesis store or make usuable substrates? |
Store |
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Does glycogenolysis store or make usuable substrates? |
Usuable |
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Does glycogenesis store or make usuable substrates? |
Store |
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Does gluconeogensis store or make usuable substrates? |
Usuable |
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What are 3 stages of Aerobic ATP production? |
Generate Acetyl CoA Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain |
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What does OIL RIG stand for? |
Oxidation is losing and Reduction is gaining |
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How many ATP's does NADH + H+ yield in the ETC? |
3 |
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How many ATP's does FADH2 in ETC yield? |
2 |
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What are the 7 steps of the ETC? |
NADH + H+ enters the ETC NADH + H+ is oxidized H+'s & electrons split Electrons are passed down the chain of cytochromes Cytochromes are reduced, then oxidized, one by one Electrons liberate electrons as they are passed along ADP + Pi + Energy > ATP |
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How many indirect and direct ATP's are produced during the krebs cycle? |
2 direct 22 indirect
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How many indirect and direct ATP's are produced during glycolysis? |
5 direct 6 indirect |
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What are the 3 enzymes in order found in the krebs cycle? |
Isocitrate dehydrogenase Succinate dehyrogenase Citrate Synthase |
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What is the purpose of Beta oxidation? |
To oxidize fat to create Acetyl CoA |
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What is the location and function of Beta oxidation? |
Location: Mitochondria Function: ATP production from FAA |
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Which substrate is always the first choice for oxidation? |
Fat |
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As intensity of exercise increases so too _____ increases |
ATP demand |
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Where does the body prefer to get it's O2 from? |
CHO |
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What is the breakdown of the CNS |
PNS> Sensory nerves & Motor nerves
Motor nerves>Autonomic & Somatic
Autonomic>Sympathetic & Parasympathetic |
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What are the 9 steps of propogation of action potential |
-Resting membrane potential (-70 MV) -Depolarizing stimulus -Membrane depolarizes to threshold, Na+ channels open and enters the cell K+ begin to open slowly -Rapid Na+ entry depolarizes cell -Na+ channels close, and slower K+ channels open -K+ moves from cell to extacellular fluid -K+ channels remain open and additional K+ leaves cell hyperpolarizing it -Voltage gated K+ channels close -Cell returns to resting ion permeability and rest membrane potential |
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What are the 4 steps of the stretch reflex? |
-Muscle spindles detect stretch of the muscle -Sensory neurons conduct action potentials to the spinal cord -Sensory neurons synapse with the AMN -Stimulation of the AMN causes the muscle to contract and resist being stretched |
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What is the stretch stimulus for autogenic inhibition? |
Muscle contraction |
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What is the sensory receptor for autogenic inhibition |
GTO |
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What is the sensory neuron for autogenic inhibition |
Afferent inhibitory to the intergration center which is the SC |
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What is the AMN state? |
Hyperpolarized |
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What is the effector for autogenic inhibition |
None because its being cancelled by the hyperpolarization |
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What is the response for autogenic inhibition |
relaxation |
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What is the result of autogenic inhibition |
enhanced stretch
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what type of feedback for autogenic inhibition |
Positive |
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What is the major role of the endocrine system during exercise? |
Regulate metabolism |
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What are the major functions of norepi/epi? |
-Prolong effect of the sympathetic NS -Increase heart rate increase respiration rate -brings substrates out of storage into blood |
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Which systems are increasing and decreasing with Norepi/epi? |
Decrease: Glycogenesis Lipogenesis
Increase: Glycogenolyisis Glycogenesis Lipolysis |
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What does the pancreas do? |
Release insulin or glucagon to maintain blood glucose levels |
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Which systems increase and decrease when insulin is released? |
Decrease: Glycogenolysis Gluconeogensis Lipolysis
Increase: Glycogenesis Lipogenesis |
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What does Glut-4 do? |
Takes glucose in exercising muscles, brings to working muscles |
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Which fiber type is used for oxidative metabolism and why? |
Type I because of the mtichondria |
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What is the main function of glucagon? |
To decrease blood glucose levels |
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What is the cross over concept? |
As your intensity decreases your use of fat increases, as your intensity increase your use of CHO increases |
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What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis? |
Phosphofructokinase |
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Explain the orderly recruitment concept? |
smallest neurons to largest neurons are recruited |
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a 1 rep max BP will use what system? |
NATP-PCr |
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During exercise increases in heart rate and BP are due to what? |
Norepi/epi/cortisol |
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Name 5 sensory recepetors and what they sense? |
Nociceptors- Pain Chemoreceptors- Chemical changes Thermoreceptors- Temp Baroreceptors- Blood pressure Proprioceptors- Joint orientation
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Name 2 force and 3 speed characteristics of a muscle fiber |
Force: Motor unit size Fiber size Speed: Faster ATPase more developed SR and size of the neuron |
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What are Redox reactions and why are they important |
OIL RIG (losing and gaining electrons) oxidation and reduction as you pass the electron down the ETC that creates energy for the oxidative phosphorylation |
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How many ATP are formed in the anerobic metabolism of 1 molecule of glycogen? |
3 ATP |
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What are the 2 fates of pyruvate and what is the primary fate? |
AcetylCoA Lactic acid
depends on intensity of exercise Glycolytic flux Mitochondrial activity |
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What are 3 reasons insulin levels drop during exercise |
Muscles are more sensitive Glut 4 transporters are activated you dont want to promote storage |
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What is the effect if insulin on gluconeogensis |
Decrease |
