Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Directional terms |
Dorsal, ventral, carnival, caudal, proximal, distal, Rostral, Palmar, plantar, axial, abaxial |
|
|
Derm- |
Skin |
|
|
Pyo- |
Puss |
|
|
Oma |
Tumor |
|
|
Myo |
Muscle |
|
|
Itis |
Inflammation |
|
|
Definition of inflammation |
Protective measure to remove the cause of injury/invasion and any consequences from the body |
|
|
Signs of inflammation |
Redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss |
|
|
Acute inflammation triggers |
Infection, trauma, physical or chemical, tissue neurosis, foreign bodies, and Immune reaction |
|
|
Inflammation stages: vascular and cellular |
Vascular - vasoactive changes: Vasoconstriction followed by dilation of blood passages. Immediate reaction from Histamine activation Cellular - leucocytes, allow emigration from endothelial cells to tissue and pahgocytocis |
|
|
4 types of leucocytes and their functions |
Neutrophils: ingest foreign materials, promote inflammation Basophiles: dilation of blood vessels Eosinophiles: allergic reactions and pahgocytocis bacterial parts Lymphocytes: not typically involved except in chronic reactions |
|
|
Exudates |
Vessels become leaky and allow passage of fluids, dilute and buffer toxins in damaged tissue circulates from local vessels to extra cellular |
|
|
Neurosis |
Death of cells in the body Toxins, poison, mechanical injuries, burns |
|
|
Edema |
Parasite, poor nutrition, heart disorders, kidney disorders |
|
|
Shock |
Severe trauma, massive hemorrhage, internal obstructions, infections, cardiac failure, dehydration |
|
|
Neoplasm |
Cells divide in autonomic way causes dead tissue build up - tumors |
|
|
TPR |
Temperature - 98 to 101.5 Pulse - 30 to 40 bpm Respiratory rate - 6 to 16 bpm |
|
|
Maxillary |
Upper jaw |
|
|
Mandibular |
Lower jaw |
|
|
Occlusal |
Chewing surface |
|
|
Buccal |
Towards cheek surface |
|
|
Lingual |
Towards tongue |
|
|
Palatal |
Towards palate |
|
|
Crown |
Visible part of tooth |
|
|
Apex |
Root tip |
|
|
Diastema |
Spaces between teeth |
|
|
Infundibulum |
Filled in diastema |
|
|
Quids |
Chewed wads of feed |
|
|
Tools for complete dental exam |
Sedation, full mouth speculum, light source, dental mirror, explorer |
|
|
Signs if dental disease |
Excessive salvation, open mouth chewing, dropping feed, head shaking/tossing, behavior issues with bit, unilateral nasal discharge, mouth odor, facial/jaw swelling |
|
|
Why horse should have dental twice a year until age if five |
24 deciduous teeth, and erupt 36+ between the age of 2-5 Young horses teeth are softer thus developing sharp points faster |
|
|
Aging horse 5 years and under by dentistry |
Deciduous: 1st incisors - 1st week, 2nd incisors - 4 to 6 weeks, 3rd incisors - 6 to 9 months, wolf teeth - 5 to 6 months Permanent: 1st molars - 9 to 12 months, 2nd molars - 2 years, 1st incisors/2nd premolars - 2.5 years, 3rd premolars - 3 years, 2nd incisions - 3.5 years, 3rd molars - 3.5 to 4 years, 3rd incisions - 4.5 years, canines - 4-5 years |
|
|
Oldest teeth in an adult horse |
1st molars |
|
|
Dental aging past 5years |
Incisors shape Presence of infundibular cups Galvaynes groove Incisors angulation |
|
|
Ansiognathia |
Lower rows closer than upper rows Sideways chewing motion creating points on outer edges of cheek teeth - ulceration |
|
|
Retained cups |
Kept deciduous teeth Do not remove until VERY loose |
|
|
Dental ramps |
Hook is greater than 2/3 of tooth Involves more than 1 pulp horn |
|
|
Mandibular brachygnathsium |
Parrot mouth Hooks 106/206 and 311/411 |
|
|
Maxillary brachygnathsium |
Underbite/ monkey mouth Hooks on 111/211 and 306/406 |
|
|
Periodontal disease causes |
Food trapped in diastema Ulcerations EORTH Metabolic changes |
|
|
Floating spots |
Buccal of maxillary Lingual of mandibular Mesial on first cheek teetb Sharp's of canines |
|
|
Upper Digestive tract |
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach |
|
|
Esophageal obstruction/choke |
Saliva, feed from mouth and nose, cough, arched/extended neck, attempts to swallow, dysphagia, distress/pain/depression Sedation, relaxants, oxytocin, IV fluid therapy, surgery, anesthesia Aspiration pneumonia, esophageal inflammation, neurosis, structure formation, esophageal diverticulum |
|
|
Stomach |
4-5 Gallons, continuous feed uptake Anterior - Microbial Glandular - secretions |
|
|
Gastric ulcers |
Gastric lining damage Feed and training management Physical or behavioral stress Mild anemia or gastric endoscopy Adults: reduced appetite, weight loss, poor BCS, low grade/recurrent colic, loose feces, attitude change; impairs training and performance Foals: gastric outflow obstruction, esophagitis, chronic ulceration, perforation;anorexia, pytalism, bruxism, dorsal recumbancy, colic, diarrhea, 2 days old |
|
|
Small intestine structures |
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
|
|
Small intestine physiology |
Motility - mixing and propulsion Pancreatic enzymes Bile PH |
|
|
Simple obstruction |
Round worms Ileal impaction |
|
|
Strangulation obstruction |
Often fatal Lipoma Entrapments within parts of intestine Inguinal hernia |
|
|
Non-strangulating obstruction |
Accumulation of food, dissension of fluid, pain, cardiovascular shock |
|
|
Small intestinal strangulating obstructions |
Moderate to violent signs of colic - persistent Later depressed Toxemia Gastric reflux colour and amounts Abdominocentesis |
|
|
Anterior enteritis |
Unknown cause Gastric reflux colour, HR 80-100bpm, endotoxemia, acute onset of moderate to severe colic Continuous naso-gastric decompression, no food, NSAIDs, IV fluids, laminitis, guarded prognosis |
|
|
Large intestine parts and physiology |
Cecum, large/small colon, and rectum Bacteria for fiber digestion, flexures/mixing |
|
|
Tympany |
Causes: excessive hindgut fermentation, cecum/colon: rapid gas formation and lacking motility Signs: cecum - bloated abdomen on right side, percussion, HR and RR; colon: distension Tretment: pain relief, decompression, prevent rupture |
|
|
Impaction |
Common sites: cecum, transverse colon, pelvic flexure Risk factors: dehydration, coarse feed, poor dentition, age cold weather, amitranz Clinical signs:intermittent signs if colic, dry/hard feces, mucous, progressive anemia, dehydration Treatment: FLUIDS;sometimes mineral oil, magnesium sulphate, doctor sodium sulfosuccinate, surgery |
|
|
Sand impaction |
Cause: feeding on sandy soil Clinical signs: similar to impaction with loose, sandy stools Treatment: mineral oils, magnesium sulphate, metamucilose, surgery |
|
|
Entereoliths |
Clinical signs: recurrent colic, may become sever if compete obstruction Common locations: right dorsal/transverse /small colons, sometimes pelvic flexure Treatment: surgery |
|
|
Renosplenic entrapment |
Aka left dorsal displacement of large colon Moves into renosplenic space, Anatomic disposition Clinical signs: similar to impaction, mild to moderate pain, gastric reflux, pain related to abdominal pressure Treatment: rolling, adrenaline, surgery |
|
|
Right dorsal colitis |
Depression, anorexia lethargy, diarrhea, ventral edema Causes - ulcerative inflammation, NSAID intoxication |
|
|
Volumes of colon |
Definiton: gas in colon, recent partuition Treatment surgery |
|
|
Small colon obstructions |
Impaction Foreign bodies Entereoliths Fecaliths Lipoma Volvulus |
|
|
Risks of colic |
Any horse! Sandy soil Dehydration |
|
|
Anatomical reasons for colic |
Small stomachs, incapable of vomiting, small intestine has loose loops, large intestine is huge, cecum is blind ended sac, designed to constantly eat |
|
|
Reasons for visceral pain |
Intestinal spasm Mucosa irritation Tension in mesentary I schema of intestinal wall Injury to peritoneum |
|
|
Clinical signs of mild colic |
Pawing Laying down and getting back up Looking at abdomen Reluctance to eat and drink Higher heart rate More or less gut sounds than normal |
|
|
Clinical signs of severe colic |
Violent abdomen kicking g Increased heart rate Increased respiratory rate Altered mm and crt Distressed or depressed Sweating Self-trauma |
|
|
Causes of colic |
Sudden change in feed or access to carbs Poor food quality or much fiber |
|
|
Risks for colic |
Stabling Parasites Management Poor dentition Habitat Vices Medical history |
|
|
Endotoxemia |
Definiton: systemic disorder that originates from host response to gram-negative nacteria Causes: any mucosa disruption - grain overload, obstructions, Parasites, enteritis, colitis Factors for Absorption: damage to intestinal wall, oak, blister beetles, heavy metals NSAID, antimicrobial agents Clinical aigns: depression, tachycardia, tachypnea, perfusion deficit, toxic line and altered color of mucus membrane, pyrexia , colic, dehydration, anorexia, lab laminitis Circulation: Inadequate tissue perfusion, multisystem organ failure - cardiovascular collapse, acute Renal failure, ileus, laminitis End stage: endotoxemia shock, multiorgan failure, Renal failure, heat failure, death Secondary problems (if they survive) : subcutaneous edema, laminitis, diarrhea, septic thromboembolism Treatment : fluids, acidosis, Glucose, antibiotics, hyper immune plasma, polymixin, NSAIDs, dimethyls sulphoxide |
|
|
Peritonitis |
Diffused/localized, acute/chronic, spetic/sterile, primaty/secondary Normal function of peritoneum - Lubricant, microphones, clearance Causes: rectal tear, septic abcess, castration complications, traumatic, parasitic Clinical signs: depression, colic, innapatance, pyrexia, congested mucus membranes, tachycardia, tachypnea, reduced gut sounds, reduced fecal output, diarrhea, Sweating, Reluctance to move, Diagnosis: clinical signs, rectal exam, Abdominocentesis, blood work Treatment: fluid therapy, peritoneal lavage, analgesics, anti - inflammatory, surgical exploration, naso-gastric intubation |
|
|
Diarrhea |
Causes: salmonella, colitis, stress, endotoxemia, chronic malabsorption, blister beetles, toxicity Clinical signs: weight loss, colic depression, tachycardia, altered mucus membrane, increased Capillary refill time, Sweating, muscle weakness, laminitis Diagnosis: history, physical exam, fecal exam, blood work, Abdominocentesis, function/Absorption tests, rectal biopsy Treatment: FLUIDS, nutrition, NSAIDs |
|
|
Salmonella |
Predisposition: stress, antibiotics Pathophysiplogy: invades mucosa, multiplies intra-cellularly, Disrupts normal secretions, loss of bowel protein, endotoxemia, exotoxins Clinical forms: peracute/acute colitis, unapparent infection, diarrhea, septicema Clinical signs: fever, anorexia, colic, HR, RR, crt, oral mucosa, muscle weakness, dehydration, diarrhea, rectal palpation |
|
|
Potomac horse fever |
Cause: neoricketsia risticii Clinical signs: salmonella signs Occurrence : River valleys in summer, transmitted vectors, not contagious Pathology : neurosis of Cecil mucosa, inflammation, vascular pathology, Absorption of cl |
|
|
NSAID toxicity |
Pathology : causes mucosa ulceration, protein loss, bleeding Clinical sigsn: mild diarrhea, anorexia, fever, depression, peripheral edema, cyanotic (Blue) mucus membranes |
|
|
Large strongyles |
Immature migration through mesenteric arterial walls Diarrhea, poor condition Febendazole, oxfendazole |
|
|
Small strongyles |
Most Potent to adult horses today Normal appetite, rapid weight loss, profuse diarrbea Migration through intestine lining |
|
|
Ascarids/roundworms |
Suckling and wrappings up to 2 years of age Adhesive tape to rectum for eggs Routine anti-parasitc compounds, sanitation of Stables, paddock fixtures, pasture rest, washing perinatal area |
|
|
Tapeworms |
Live around ileolecal junctions, hard to get rid of Intussusception |
