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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joints |
rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joint or articulations Structure of joints Enables resistance to crushing , tearing and other forces |
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Functional classification of joints based on amount of movement |
Synarthroses - immovable ; common in axial skeleton Ampiarthorses - slightly movable ; common in axial skeleton Diarhroses - freely movable ; common in appendicular skeleton ; all synovial joints are diarthoses |
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Strucural classification of joints |
Based on material that binds bones together Presence or absence of a joint cavity Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial |
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Fibrous joints |
Bones are connected by fibrous dense regular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers Do not have joint cavity Most are immovable |
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Fibrous joints : sutures |
Bones are tightly bound by minimal amount of fibrous tissue with short fibers Occur between the bones of the skull Allow bone growth so the skull can expand with brain growth during childhood Fibrous tissue ossifies in middle age to produce synostoses (=closed sutures) |
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Fibrous joints : syndesmoses |
Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments , fibrous tissue with relatively long fibers - amount of movment depends on length of fibers Distal tibiofibular joint - synarthrosis with minimal or no movment Interosseous membrane - between radius and ulna has quite long fibers which enables some movment between theses bones |
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Fibrous joint : Gomphoses |
Tooth in socket Connecting ligamnet - the periodontal ligament Immobile |
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Cartilaginous |
Bones are united by cartilage Lack a joint cavity Immobile to slightly mobile Synchondroses : hyaline cartilage , immobile Symphyses : fibrocartilage, slightly mobile |
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Synchondroses |
Hyaline cartilage unites bones Epiphyseal plate Joint between first rib and manubrium |
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Symphyses |
Fibrocartilage unites bones resist tension and compression stresses and can act as a shock absorber slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Hyaline cartilage is also present as articular cartilage on the bony surface to reduce friction between bones during movement. |
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Synovial joints |
Most movable type of joint All are diarthroses ( movable joints ) and contain fluid filled joint cavity Adjoining bones are covered with articular cartilage and are separated by a joint cavity joint cavity is enclosed within an articular capsule with the inner layer lined with synovial membrane |
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General structure of synovial joints |
Articular cartilage - ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage - absorbs compression Joint cavity - unique to synovial joint - cavity space that contains synovial fluid |
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Ligaments of synovial joints |
Extend over the outer surface of the articular capsule and contribute to joint stability Anchored in periostenum of adjacent bones Dense irregular connective tissue |
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Articular capsule of synovial joints |
enclosed in a two layered capsule Fibrous capusle - dense irregular connective tissue is continuous with periosteal layer of adjoining bones; strengthens a joint Synovial membrane - loose connective tissue - lines inner layer of joint capusle and covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage functions to make synovial fluid |
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Synovial membrane |
Rich blood supply to synovial membrane forms extensive capillary beds that provide blood filterate which forms synovial fluid |
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Synovial fluid |
Produced by synovial membrane present in joint cavity is a viscous fluid with consistency similar to raw egg wite Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts |
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How synovial joints function |
Synovial joints - lubricating devices Friction could overheat and destory joint tissue As synovial joints are subjected to compressive forces Fluid is squeezed out as opposing cartilage touch Cartilages ride on the slippery flim |
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Sensory fibers |
Richly innervate synovial joints Detect pain Most monitor how the capsule is being stretched |
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Three basic movements of synovial joints |
Gliding - one bone across the surface of another Angular movement - movements change the angle between the bone Rotation - movement around a bone's long axis |
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Synovial joint type's |
Plane is nonaxial : intercarpal and intersal Hinge : is unaxial elbow, ankel and interphalangeal Pivot is uniaxial : proximal radio ulnar and between atlas C1 and dens of axis C2 which allows the skull to rotate on the neck's axis Chondyloid is biaxial : metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist Saddle : biaxial sternoclavicular and 1st carpometacarpeal Ball and socket - multiaxial shoulder and hip |
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Plane joint |
Articular surfaces are flat planes short gliding movements are allowed Intertarsal and intercarpal joints Movement are nonaxial Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis |
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Hinge joint |
Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone Angular movement is allowed in one plane Elbow , ankle and interphalangeal joints Movement is uniaxial - allows movement around one axis only |
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Elbow joint |
The trochlea of the distal humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the proximal ulna to form a hinge Allows flexion and extension Tendons of biceps brachii , triceps brachii, and brachiallis provide stability Anular ligament helps stabilize proximal radius and ulna bones |
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Ankle joint |
A hinge joint between the united distal ends of tibia and fibula and the talus bone of the foot This hinge joint allows dorsiflexion and plantar flexion only Intertarsal joints are plane joints |
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Ligaments of the ankle joint |
Medial ( deltoid) ligament attached to tibia Lateral ligaments: talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligaments Distal ends of tibia and fibula are joined by anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments |
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Pivot joints |
Classified as uniaxial - rotating bone only turns around its long axis ex proximal radioulnar joint where the head of the radius rotates within a ring like anular ligament secured by the ulna bone Joint between atlas C1 and dens of axis which allows the skull to rotate on the neck's axis |
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Pivot joint , joint between atlas and axis |
Dens - is a knoblike structrue which projects superiorly from the body of axis and is cradled in the anterior arch of C1 Dens acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull Dens participates in rotating the head from side to side The name of axis for C2 is appropriate since its dens allow the skull to rotate on the neck's axis |
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Condyloid joints |
Classified as biaxial - movement occurs along two axes Example : Metacarpophalangeal joints Metatarsophalangeal joints Wrist joint Allow moving bone to travel - side to side abduction and adduction and back and forth flexion and extension |
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Wrist joint |
Stabilized by numerous ligaments Composed of radiocarpel and intercarpel joints Radiocarpel - condyloid joint between the radius and proximal carpals ( the scaphoid and lunate) Allows for flexion, extension , adduction,abduction and circumduction Intercapal joints - plane joints between the proximal and distal rows or carpals Allows for gliding movment |
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Wrist joint stabilized by numerous ligaments |
Radiocarpal ligament Intercarpal ligament Carpometacarpal ligaments Collateral ligaments |
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Synovial joints by shape ; saddle joint |
Each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces Essentially a type of condyloid joint Often classified as biaxial joint , however have the ability to move in more than two axes 1st carpometacarpal joint is a good example as it allows opposition of the thumb in addition to flexion and extension Sternocalvicular joint is another example |
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Saddle joint : sternocalvicular joint |
Is a saddle joint performs multiple complex movments four ligament surround the joint Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments Interclavicular ligament Costoclavicular ligament |
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Ball in socket joint |
Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another classified as multiaxial - allow movment in many axis Flexion and extension abduction and addunction rotation Shoulder and hip joints are examples |
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Hip joint |
A ball and socket structure Movement occur in all axes Movement limited by ligament and acetabulum Head of femur articulates with acetabulum Acetabulum labrum : rim of fibrocartilage around acetabulum Stability comes chiefly from acetabulum and capsular ligament Muscle tendons contribute somewhat to stability |
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Shoulder ( glenohumeral ) joint |
The most freely movable joint is less stable than other joints Articular capsule is thin and loose Synovial cavity of glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum : rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid cavity |
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Bursae and Tendon sheaths |
Bursae and tendon sheaths are not within synovial joints but rather are closed bags of lubricant which reduce frication between body structures e.g. between a bone and a ligament or a tendon. Bursa - a flattened fibrous sac lined with a synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid Tendon sheath - an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon |
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Rotator cuff muscles |
Group of muscles and their tendons which act to stabilize the shoulder joint Muscle rise from the scapula and connect to the tuberoscities of the head of the humerus , forming a cuff at the shoulder joint which helps hold the humerus head into the glenoid fossa of the scapula |
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Glenohumeral ( shoulder joint ) |
The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons -Subscapularis - Supraspinatus - Infraspinatus -Teres minor All four of these tendons contribute to the stability of these shoulder joint Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder injuries |
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Knee joint |
The largest and most complex joint Primarily acts as a hinge joint Has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed Structurally considered compound and bicondyloid ) both femur and tibia have two chondylar surfaces) Chondyles of the femur roll along the most flat chondyles of the tibia |
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Knee joint |
Many supporting ligaments At least 12 bursae including suprapatellar bursa, prepatellar bursa and deep infrapatellar bursa Two fibrocartilage menisci ( articular discs _ occur within the joint cavity - the medial and lateral menisci Femoropatellar joint - shares the joint cavity allows patella to glide across the distal femur |
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Synovial joint with articular disc (=meniscus) |
Some synovial joints contain an articular disc meniscus made of fibrocartilage Articular disc is present in knee joint , temporomandibular joint and sternoclavicular joint |
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Articular disc |
Consists of fibrocartilage cushion compressive forces and help articulate bone ends of different shape Permits a more even distribution of forces between the articulating surfaces of bones Aids in directly flow of synovial fluid to areas of the articular cartilage that experience the most friction Increase the stability of the joint |
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Important factors influencing stability of synovial joint including the knee joint |
Ligaments Retinacula - refers to group of different muscle that pass under one connective tissue band Muscle tone Muscle tendons - muscle to bone |
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Factors influencing stability of synovial joints : ligaments |
Capsules and ligament prevent excessive motions On the medial or inferior side of a joint : prevent excessive abduction |
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Factors influencing stability of synovial joints : Retinacula |
Any of several fibrous bands of fascia that pass over or under tendons to help keep the tendons in place Groups of tendons from seperate muscles may pass under a reticulum Retinacula+ tendon= intergrated together Lateral and medial retinacula- around the knee are anterior and attach to tibia |
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Factors influencing stability of synovial joints : Muscle tone and muscle tendons |
Muscle tone helps stabilize joints by keeping tension on tendons Is important in reinforcing knee joint as well also shoulder joint and joint in foot arches |
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Knee joint ligaments |
Extracapsular ligament : located outside the capsule Patellar ligament is anterior and attaches to tibia Fibular ( lateral) collateral ligamentt Tibular ( medial) collateral ligament Capsular ligament: attached to the capsule Oblique popliteal: ligament crosses posterior aspect of capsule Arcuate popliteal: ligament from posterior capsule to fibula Intracapsular ligaments : located internal to the capsule Anterior cruciate , posterior cruciate |
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Knee joint ligaments that become taut with knee extension |
Fibular collateral ligaments on lateral side Tibular collateral ligament on medial side Oblique popliteal ligament crosses posterior aspect of capsule Arcuate popliteal : ligament rom posterior capsule to fibula Anterior cruciate Ligament internal to capsule Posterior cruciate ligament internal to capusle |
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Intracapsular knee joints |
Anterior cruciate ligament : attaches to anterior part of tibia and passes posteriorly to attach to the femur at the medial side of the lateral condyle Posterior cruciate ligament : attaches to posterior part of tibia and passes anteiorly to attach to the femur at the lateral side of the medial condyle |
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Intracapsular knee cruciate ligaments |
Cross each other like an X stabilize knee joint and prevent undesirable movment in knee joint Anterior cruciate ligament helps prevent anterior sliding of the tibia Posterior cruciate ligament helps prevent posterior sliding of the tibia and the forward sliding of the femur When the knee is fully extended both cruciate ligament are taut and knee is locked |
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ACL |
Tibial collateral ligament torn Medial menius torn Anterior cruciate ligament torn |
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Women are more likely to have ACL injury than men |
Narrower inter condylar notch and smaller ACL making more prone to injury Women typically have a wider pelvis which makes the thigh bone angle downward more sharply than in men This angle results in more pressure applied to the inside ( medial aspect of the knee , which can cause the ACL to tear. |
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Joint injuries |
Torn cartilage - common injury to meniscus of knee joint; meniscus( = articular disc) is a disc of fibrocartilage which extends internally from the joint capsule Sprain - ligament of a reinforcing joint are stretched or torn Strain- an stretch or tear to either tendon or a musle Dislocation - occurs when the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment |
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Joint inflammation |
Bursitis- inflammation of a bursa due to injury or friction Tendonitis - inflammation of a tendon sheath |
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Inflammatory and degenerative arthristis condition which damage joints |
Osteoarthristis - most common type of wear and tear arthristis Rheumatoid arthristis - a chronic autoimmnue inflammatory disorder Gouty arthritis ( gout) - uric acid bulid up causes pain in joints |
