Iyengar Yoga Jr. Intermediate 1 Syllabus

Front 1

*What are the components of citta?

Back 1

Manas-mind
Mind has the power of attention, selection, and rejection
Buddhi-intelligence
Intelligence has the faculty of reasoning and reflecting
Ahamkara-ego
I-ness or I-consciousness

Front 2

*What are the three attributes/qualities of citta?
What are the three gunas, the qualities of nature?

Back 2

Sattva-illuminates the citta (Sattva brings harmony, calmness Illuminative by nature)
Rajas-makes the citta active. vibration, activity. (Rajas brings mobility.)
Tamas-inertia, dullness (Tamas brings steadiness.)

Front 3

*What are the three eternal principles recognized by yoga darsasana?

Back 3

Isvara-God, Universal Soul, Supreme Soul
Purusa-individual self, soul, atman
Prakrti-nature, universe

Front 4

What is the difference between philosophy and darsana?

Back 4

Both philosophy and darsana are a quest for wisdom and knowledge. Philosophy is a speculative and intellectual inquiry while darsana is an experiential knowledge, which leads to transformation.

Front 5

*What are the 5 vayus? All the functions of the body depend on them.

Back 5

1. Prana-this energy moves in the region of the heart and controls respiration.
2. Apana-this energy moves in the sphere of the lower abdomen and controls the function of eliminating urine, semen and faeces.
3. Samana-this energy is in the center of the trunk and strokes the gastric fires to aid digestion and similation.
4. Udana-this energy dwells in the very upper thoracic cavity and throat and controls the intake of air and food.
5. Vyana-this energy pervades the entire body and distributes the energy derived from food and breath all over the body.

Front 6

What are the three tiers of Kriya Yoga? And connection to Astanga Yoga, 3 types of Sadhana and the four paths.

Back 6

1. Tapas-burning zeal (Yama,Niyama,Asana,Pranayama; Bahiranga sadhana; Karmamarga)
2. Svadhya ya-self study (Pratyahara/Dharana; Combination of Bahiranga and Ataranga Sadhana; Jnanamarga)
3. Isvara pranidhana-surrender to God (DhyanaSamadhi; Antaranga and Antaratma Sadhana; Bhaktimarga)
Sutra 2:1 Tapah svadhyaya Isvarapranidhanani kriyayogah.
Burning zeal in practice, self-study and study of scriptures, and surrender to God are the acts of yoga.

Front 7

*What are the four paths of self-realization? (Margas/Tendencies of the aspirant)

Back 7

1. Karma marga-path of action (Aspirant who has tendency to serve others. Realizes Divinity through work and duty)
2. Bhakti marga-path of devotion (Aspirant whose heart is full with emotion and devotion)
3. Jnana marga-path of knowledge (Aspirant who has a high intellectual capacity and perceives God through intellectual eyes)
4. Yoga marga-path of yoga (Meditative and reflective aspirant; restraints citta through yogic discipline)

Patanjali indicates that the 3 paths (jnana, karma and bhakti are included in yoga marga. So yoga marga is comprehensive and complete.

Front 8

**What are the 5 klesas? the 5 afflictions.

Back 8

1. avidya-ignorance, lack of spiritual knowledge
2. asmita-ego, pride, selfishness
3. raga- attachment, desire
4. dvesa-aversion, animosity
5. abhinivesa-love of life, fear of death
Sutra 2:3 Avidya asmita raga dvesa abhinivesah klesah.
The five afflictions which disturb the equilibrium of consciousness are ignorance or lack of wisdom, ego, pride of the ego or the sense of "I", attachment to pleasure, aversions to pain, fear of death and clinging to life.

Front 9

What is the threefold quest?

Back 9

1. bahiranga sadhana-external quest (Moral/Physical discipline: Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama)
2. antaranga sadhana-inner quest (Mental discipline: Pranayama, Pratyahara)
3. antaratma sadhana-spiritual quest (Spiritual Discipline: dharana; dhyana; samadhi))

Front 10

What are the five sheaths of the body?

Back 10

1. annamaya kosa-anatomical, skeletal sheath, corresponds to the earth element
2. pranamaya kosa-physiological or organic sheath, includes respiratory, circulatory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, excretory and reproductive systems and corresponds to the water element.
3. manomaya kosa-mental or emotional sheath, motivation, feeling, awareness and corresponds to the fire element.
4. vijnanamaya kosa-intellectual sheath, reasoning and corresponds to the air element.
5. anandamaya kosa-pure bliss and corresponds to the ether element. This sheath belongs to the causal body.

Front 11

What are the yamas? Ethical disciplines

Back 11

1. ahimsa-non violence
2. satya-truthfulness
3. asteya-non stealing
4. brahmacharya-celibacy, self control
5. aparigraha-non haording, non greedy
Sutra 2:30 Ahimsa satya asteya brahmacarya aparigrahah yamah.
Non-violence, truth, abstentions from stealing, continence, and absence of greed for possessions beyond one's need are the five pillars of yama.

Front 12

What are the niyamas? Individual disciplines

Back 12

1. sauca-cleanliness
2. santosa-contentment
3. tapas-burning zeal
4. svadhyaya-self study
5. Isvara pranidhana-surrender to God
Sutra 2:32 Sauca santosa tapah svadhyaya Isvarapranidhanani niyamah.
Cleanliness, contentment, religious zeal, self-study, and surrender to self to the supreme Self or God are the niyamas.

Front 13

What are the eight limbs of yoga?

Back 13

1. yama-ethical disciplines
2. niyama-individual disciplines
3. asana-postures
4. pranayama-control of the breath
5. pratyahara-withdrawl of the senses
6. dharana-concentration
7. dhyana-meditation
8. samadhi-absorption of the consciousness in the Self
Sutra 2:29 yama niyama asana pranayama pratyahara dharana dhyana samadhayah astau angani
Moral injunctions (yama), fixed observances (niyama), posture (asana), regulation of breath (pranayama), internalization of the senses toward their source (pratyahara), concentration (dharana), meditation (dhyana), and absorption of the consciousness in the self (samadhi), are the eight constituents of yoga.

Front 14

What is yoga?

Back 14

Yoga means union. It is the union of the individual self with the Universal Self.
Sutra !:2 Yogah cittavrtti nirodhah
Yoga is the cessation of movements in the consciousness.

Front 15

Define sadhana.

Back 15

Practice, quest

Front 16

Define Abhyasa.

Back 16

Constant and determined study or practice.
Sutra 1:13 Tatra sthitau yatnah abhyasah
Practice is the steadfast effort to still these fluctuations.

Front 17

Define Vairagya.

Back 17

Absence of worldly desires.
Sutra 1:12 Abhyasa vairagyabhyam tannirodhah.
Practice and detachment are the means to still the movements of consciousness.
Vairagya or absence of worldly desires can be achieved by controlling the senses, by carrying out one's duties without thought of reward and by acting with goodness and purity.

Front 18

Define Prakriti.

Back 18

Nature, the original source of the material world consisting of three qualities, sattva, rajas, and tamas

Front 19

Define Prana.

Back 19

Breath, respiration, life force.

Front 20

Define Purusa.

Back 20

Individual Self

Front 21

Define Samyama.

Back 21

Samyama is a technical word that defines the integration of dharana, dhyana, and samadhi. (concentration, meditation, and absorption)

Front 22

Define Parinama.

Back 22

Transformation

Front 23

When is an asana considered to be perfect?

Back 23

Sutra 2:47 Prayatna saithilya ananta samapattibhyam
Perfection in an asana is achieved when the effort to perform it becomes effortless and the infinite being within is reached.

Front 24

What is the effect of asana according to Patanjali?

Back 24

Sutra 2:46 Sthira sukham asanam
Asana is perfect firmness of body, steadiness of intelligence and benevolence of spirit.
Sutra 2:48 Tatah dvandvah anabhighatah
From then on, the sadhaka is undisturbed by dualities.
Patanjali says that the aspirant remains undisturbed, unperturbed and unaffected by objective as well as subjective dualities. His body, mind, intelligence amd consciousness remain in unison with the Self without disparities.

Front 25

*What are the names and definitions of the four Padas of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras?

Back 25

1. Samadhi Pada (on contemplation)
2. Sadhana Pada (on practice)
3. Vibhuti Pada (on properties and powers)
4. Kaivalya Pada (on emancipation and freedon)

Front 26

What are the various ways to still the fluctuations in the citta given in Samadhi Pada?

Back 26

Sutra 1:12 Abhyasa vairagyabhyam tannirodhah.
Practice and detachment are the means to still the movements of the consciousness.
Sutra 1:23 Isvara pranidhanat va.
The citta may be restrained by profound meditation upon God and total surrender to Him.

Front 27

What are the Jnanendriyas?

Back 27

The 5 sense organs. (nose, tongue, eyes, ears, skin)

Front 28

What are the Karmendriyas?

Back 28

The organs of actions. (hands, feet, organs of speech, generations and excretion)

Front 29

Define asana.

Back 29

Sutra 2:46 Sthira sukham asanam.
Asana is perfect firmness of body, steadiness of intelligence , and benevolence of the spirit.

Front 30

Why does Patanjali explain the three fold kriya Yoga

Back 30

Austerity, Self Study and Devotion to God make the aspirants citta conducive to profound meditation and absorption as well as to minimize the onslaught of afflictions.

Front 31

Nervous SystemFunction; subdivisions

Back 31

Maintains homeostasis in body with electrical stimulus; probvide for sensation; carry out higher mental functioning and emotional repsonse and activate muscles and glands. Nervous tissue is made up of neurones and supporting cells

Subdivisions: Central Nervous system (brain and spinal cord. Interprets incomgin sensory ihnfo and issues instructions based on past experience and current conditions. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: nerves outside CNS linking all parts of body to and from brain and spinal cord. Includes sensory and motor divisions (voluntary and involuntary)

Front 32

Circulatory System

Back 32

Major organ is heart muscle. (2 chambers: atrium and ventricle that act as pumps).
Right side pumps de-oxygenated blood to lungs - pulmonary circulation.
Left side pumps oxygenated blood from lungs - systemic circulation.
Has its own blood supply and circulation - coronary circulation. Kept beating through electrical impulses which cause contraction of heart muscle. Chambers of the heart are separated by valves which open and close so that blood may build up within an chamber and pumped out in the next beat.
Arteries carry blood away from heart and veins return it.
Flows from large to small arteries before reaching arterioles and capillaries where exchnage of gasses takes place and interstitial fluid is formed before blood returns via venous system. Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid. Blood press ure two measurements; systolic and diastolic. 120/80 normal; 150/90 hypertensive

Front 33

Respiratory System

Back 33

Process by which air passes in and out of lungs with object of alllowing blood to absorb oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water. Consists of nose, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, bronchioles and alveolar sacs in lungs. Curved diaphragm muscle spans the base of the cage. Left lung 2 lobes and right lung has 3.
Main Muscles are diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Air inhaled through lungs passes through trachea, bronchi and bronchioles and then enters alveolar sacs within lungs. Most adults inhale & exhale 15-18 times a minute.
Air is humidified, temperature adjusted, force adjusted for transfer of gasses in alveolar sacs.

Front 34

Digestive System

Back 34

Breaks down food into basic molecules which can be absorbed by the cells lining the digestive tract. Main organs are: mouth, salivary glands and tongue, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum and anas. Two other organs play major role in digestion and they are liver along with gall bladder and pancreas.
Movement of food in digestive tract occurs because of peristalsis, wavelike movment of relaxation and contraction of digestive tract.
Digested food is absorbed by cells of intestines.
3 sections of small intestine: duodenum (receiving area for chemicals and partly digestd food from stomach, jejunum where nutrients are absorbed and ileum where last of nutrients are absorbed
Large intestine - ascewnding, transverse and descending before it opens to rectum. Final organ of excretory function. Matter that is of the 3 main substances that make the human body, solid, fluid and gas.
Other organs of excretion are kidneys and bladder, connected by ureters via the urethra to outer environment. Kidney balances fluids in body and cleanses blood of posons and impurities. filter , purify, regulate volume of fluid, recycle water minerals, nutrients and adjust chemical composition of blood. If they fail one dies from being posoned by own waste, lack of vital nutrients and drowning in excess body fluids.

Front 35

Lympatic System

Back 35

tbd

Front 36

Endocrine System

Back 36

tbd

Front 37

Modifications of citta; Name and give meaning aka 5 faceted mind:

Back 37

1. Pramana: standard ideal, valid right correct knowledge
2. Viparyaya: Mistaken view, illusion
3. Vikalpa: doubt indecision, delusion, imgination
4. Nidra: sleep, state of emptiness
5. Smriti: memory, holding fast to impressions of objects onne has experienced.

When Sattva prevails the mind goes in.

Front 38

5 states of citta

Back 38

Citta functions in 5 different levels depending on predominance of its qualities (gunas)
1. Mudha - dull
2. Ksipta - wavering, wandering
3. Viksipta: partially stable, attenuatingoscillating between wandering and stability
4. Ekagra - one pointed
5. Niruddha - controlled, restrained

Front 39

What is root cause of afflictions and what are the 4 states afflictions get expressed in?

Back 39

Avidya.
States
Prasupta: Dormant, sleepy
Tanu: thin, attenuated
Vicchinna: Alternate, interrupted
Udara: Fully active

Front 40

25 components that make up human being, permeated by the qualities of GUNA

Back 40

1. Purusa: Individual soul
2. Mula Prakrti: Nature unevolved (sattva, rajas, tamas)
3. Buddhi/Mahat: Intellect
4. Ahamkara: Ego
5-9: Panca Tanmatra - 5 subtle elements (sabdha/sound, sparsa/touch, rupa/sight, rasa/taste, gahdha/smell)
10-14: Panca Mahabhuta - 5 gross elements (prthvi - earth, ap - water, tej - fire, vayu - air, akasa - ether)
15 - 19: Panca Jnanendriya - 5 sense of perception (nose, tongue, eyes, ears, skin)
20-24: Panca Karmendriya - 5 organs of action (feet, hands, organs of speech, regeneration and excretion)
25. Manas - mind.

Front 41

Body consists of 3 fundamental elements: dosas: all are made up of 5 mahabhutas:. List dosas, Dhatu's and Mala's

Back 41

3 Dosa: 3 humours of body (wind, bile, phlegm)
7 Dhatu: 7 essential ingredients (juice, blood, flesh, fat, bones, marrow, semen)
3 Mala: 3 impurities (faeces, urine, sweat)

Dosas perform physiological activities of body. Dhatus form certain bodily structures which perform actions. Malas impure substances, parts of which utilized to perform certain actions.

Front 42

Control of fluctuations of the mind - sutras

Back 42

1.Abhyasa – vairagyabhyam tannirodhah
remedy for controlling minds: practice and absense of worldly desires. (practice and renunciation – 2 wings of eagle. Controlling senses

3.sa tu dirhakala nairantarya
satkarasevito drdha bhumih
this rigorous practice has to be long lasting, uninterrupted, and performed with dedication and respect; then alone the foundation for the ground is prepared

4.na vesa dharanam siddheh karanam na cu tatkatha kriyaiva karanam siddheh satyametanna samsayah
Accomplishment is attained neither by wearing saffron robes nor by discussion; but undoubtedly it can be attained by action and by constant practice)

Front 43

Gem ch9 "Mental Attitude" through Manas/Mind

Back 43

1. Sadhaka should remember that yama and niyama are 2 essential steps beforeasana and pranayama nad practice of asana and pranayama without these two prerequisites becomes merely a physical exercise and not a psychosomati subject. Without ethical discipline practice becomes meaningless. Yama niyama are like a railway track running parallel.
2. Mahavratas of yama and niyama are there to cultivate good habits and help people turn away from bad ones.
3. No knowledge is gained instantly. Knowledge has a beginning but no end as in Yoga. Don’t feel disheartened if progress is slow.
4. Yoga should not be taken lightly as if it were a hobby. Should be approached seriously with faith, enthusiasm, determination, keenness, courage, will and dedication.
5. Patanjali has spoken of 3 types of pupils:
PYS I 21.22
Tivrasamveganamasannah
mrdu madhyadhimatratvattatopi visesah
practice of sadhaka falls into three categorise, mild, middling, and intense , the further into even subtler degrees>

Spiritual absorption is close to extremely courageous practitioner whose practice is highly intense. Qualities of tamas, rajas and sattva are also involved in method of concentration and practice. Pure mind and right intention are necessary.
6. Persevere even when practice is tedious. Firm will. With constant practice, perseverance and faith they will begin to understand the subtlety and beauty of yoga

7. buddhi – intelligence

7. mere academic knowledge of asana remains illusory
8. ahamkara – ego
avoid complacency
9. Ego is the greatest enemy in Yoga; cultivate humility
11. One must start with body which is external covering of self; this leads to pursuit of internal, the mind and innermost self
12. Brain
brain should be cool, alert, and watchful, examining the movements of the body and fluctuations of the mind during every moment of practice. svadyaya. Body performer, brain observer

manas
13. Asanas extend mind beyond its limiated operation. Will power breaks throughbarriers to proceed further. Sometimes body elastic, mind rigid and vice versa. Whichever is dull one should be activated with concentration and attention. Cheerfulness and enthusias are friends that elevate practitioner

Front 44

Types of students - sutra

Back 44

PYS I 21.22
Tivrasamveganamasannah
mrdu madhyadhimatratvattatopi visesah
practice of sadhaka falls into three categorise, mild, middling, and intense , the further into even subtler degrees>

Front 45

More on what is citta

Back 45

Mindstuff composed of sattva, rajas, tamas.
Composed of mind, intellect and ego.
Mind is bridge connecting physical with spiritual. When directed toward physical, it gets lost in pursuit of pleasures. When directed to spiritual, it reaches final goal. Tug of war, according to guna which predominates.