Iss 310 Exam 2

Front 1

“What are the strategies that have been used to increase productivity of corn?"

Back 1

is related to high productivity that can be achieved by changing production technologies. Corn production is an example provided by the textbook

Front 2

Imperialism

Back 2

the practice of extending power or control over other countries in the form of military, economic, or cultural dominance. Specifically, the practice of extracting natural resources and/or exploiting cheap labor is a means or end of power dominance

Front 3

Internal colonialism

Back 3

refers to power dominance over subpopulations within a country. Instead of focusing on people in less-developed countries, the target of internal colonialism is the subpopulations with less power in the same society. For example, in the US, the aboriginal people are those residing in the areas with rich natural resources. With less power in the US society, they often become the target of internal colonialism due to vast profits of extracting the natural resources

Front 4

Focus of Maslow’s theory.

Back 4

1-Needs are both conscious and unconscious.

2-People are more likely to satisfy lower needs before higher needs.

3-Lower needs may be undervalued only temporarily.

4-People whose lower needs are satisfied are more likely to engage in more socially beneficial behavior.

Front 5

Critique of Maslow’s theory

Back 5

1)A lack of sense of the importance of social contexts

2)A lack of dialogical interplay between the material and ideal needs

3)Based on Western experience

4)A lack of explanation of over-consumption

Front 6

Leisure Class (Thorstein Veblen)

Back 6

Conspicuous consumption, conspicuous leisure, and conspicuous waste are signals of comparative degree of social power.

The leisure class also engages in
vicarious consumption, vicarious leisure, and vicarious waste.

Consumption and waste are in general more conspicuous than leisure due to their visibility.

Front 7

Environmental significance of modern consumption

Back 7

Conspicuous leisure is less environmentally damaging.

The competitive and comparative character of conspicuous consumption, leisure, and waste stimulates an increase of environment disturbance.

Front 8

Positional goods (Fred Hirsch)

Back 8

Demands go in the opposite direction to supplies.

Scarcity confers status and prestige. Ex. Lakefront property, toothfish, rhino horn

Establishment of conventions and reserves may contribute to the positional value of rare and endangered species.

Front 9

Goods and Sentiments

Back 9

In addition to material side of factors, feelings of concern, affection, empathy, and affection for others, commitments to values and norms or a lack of these feelings may also shape people’s decision making.

Sentiments are often hidden

Front 10

what is Hau?

Back 10

the spirit of goods in Maori’s culture.
The social spirit that attaches to gifts
Most goods today however, do not have a hau.
Hau is used as a strategy to appeal to people’ sentiments
in advertising: ex. concern, love

Front 11

The cycle of “work-and-spend” (Juliet Schor)

Back 11

Consumptive lifestyle facilitates more hours for work.

The work-related consumption increases the amount of time spent shopping.

With this lifestyle, people have less opportunities to use leisure as a status symbol.

Front 12

Consumption and Community

Back 12

Goods can enhance community.

Goods can be a substitute for social needs.

-The more people seek the wealth to attain these goods, the more people engage in competitive individualism, and thus undermining community.

Front 13

Consumption and happiness

Back 13

Skilled manual workers were happier than unskilled or partially skilled workers, and slightly happier than professional workers.

The least happy countries were poor countries; however, the poor countries show a wide range of happiness.

People in the US ranked 2nd in wealth reported the same happiness as those in EI Salvador, the 51st-richese country.

Front 14

The Malthusian argument

Back 14

The exponential growth of population will continues until it exhausts resources.

Poverty, hunger, misery

Front 15

The fact of Population growth

Back 15

World population growth has fallen.
More than 2 % in the mid-1960s and 1.17 % in 2007)

More than 90% of the growth is taking place in poor countries.
3.9% a year in Afghanistan, 2.4 % in Nigeria, 0.7 % in China,

Front 16

Population momentum:

Back 16

Earlier population growth may result in a population with a large proportion of young adults in the prime of their childbearing years.

Front 17

Issues related to control of population growth

Back 17

-People hating
-Demographic competition: racial, ethnic, local, national, and religious pride.
-Religious values
-Sexual cultures
-Gender issues
-Family values

Front 18

Development is perceived as ?

Back 18

a solution to population growth.

Front 19

Bretton Woods Institutions: reshaping global society and economy.

Back 19

International Monetary Fund (IMF): short-term loans
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank): loans for major infrastructure projects

Front 20

Most of the development funds have come in the form of ?

Back 20

loans with comfortable margin for profit.

Front 21

The structural adjustment trap

Back 21

free market principle, “Washington Consensus”

Front 22

The structural adjustment trap: free market principle, “Washington Consensus”

Back 22

Cut in social services
Less land growing food for local consumption
Reliance on imports for basic food needs
Draining value away from the periphery by paying low wages to the local people.
The local people cannot afford imported products with added values.

Front 23

Critique of the inequality perspective

Back 23

spatial distribution of environmental productivity.

Front 24

Boserup effect

Back 24

population density can provide an incentive to switch to more intensive farming methods.

Front 25

Boserup effect ex.

Back 25

The technology is used only when necessary.

The requirement of more labor or high cash outplays makes the local farmers less likely to adopt the new techniques.

The rapid population growth can be more pronounced in urban areas.

Front 26

The Technologic critique of malthusianism

Back 26

Boserup effect: population density can provide an incentive to switch to more intensive farming methods.

The technology is used only when necessary.

The requirement of more labor or high cash outplays makes the local farmers less likely to adopt the new techniques.

The rapid population growth can be more pronounced in urban areas.

Front 27

The demographic critique of Malthusianism

Back 27

Three stages:
1) High birth rate and high death rate, low population
2) Decreasing birth rate and death rate, increasing population.
3) Low birth rate and death rate, high population

Front 28

Gould and Lewis, Ch. 10: Environmental Inequality and Environmental Justice (Michael Mascarenhas)

Back 28

Focus:
The relationships between environmental problems and race/class

The role of neoliberal politics in contributing to environmental injustice

Front 29

Environmental injustice

Back 29

Unequal distribution of environmental problems

Indigenous people
Ex.
The growth of large industrial feedlots in rural areas in southwestern Ontario.

“Chemical alley”, Canada’s Sarnia River: Concentration of petrochemical industries was associated with water and air pollution

Front 30

Race versus class debate

Back 30

Conflicting evidence:
Race was the most important determinant of environmental pollution.
60% African Americans and Hispanic Americans, and 50% of Asian/Pacific Islander Americans and Native Americans lived in communities with uncontrolled toxic waste sites (the study of Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States)
The poor were more likely to be exposed to multiple suboptimal physical conditions, including residential crowding, housing quality, educational facilities, work environments, and neighborhood conditions, in addition to environmental pollution.

The relationships between class and environmental problems are difficult to be detected.

Front 31

The role of neoliberal politics in contributing to environmental injustice

Back 31

Characteristics of Neoliberalism:
Strong private property rights, a self-regulating market and free trade

Front 32

Environmental policies 1

Back 32

Amendments to provincial statue that dealt with environmental protection or natural resource management
Ex. Reductions of monitoring and reporting requirements for industry

Ex. The new environmental policies are either very specific (ex. Brown fields) or too general and diffuse to be operationalized.

Front 33

Environmental policies 2

Back 33

Major reductions in the budgets of provincial and local environmental and natural resources agencies.

Ex. Many regional networks of environmental protection have often fallen victim to fiscal shortfalls and budgetary cuts.

Front 34

Environmental policies 3

Back 34

Dramatic restructuring of the roles and responsibilities of provincial and municipal governments and the private sector

Ex. Reducing or eliminated opportunities for public participation in land use decisions, such as those related to “normal” farm operations and location of waste disposal sites.

Front 35

Internal colonialism

Back 35

Capitalist expansion requires extraction of raw materials from rural areas, such as water, oil, diamonds, and forests.

These areas are often the territories of indigenous people.
State apparatus is used to relocate the indigenous people and to facilitate unequal exchanges of resources.

Consequences:
Poverty among the indigenous people
Environmental pollution in the rural/natural areas

Front 36

Gould Lewis, Ch. 4: The State and Policy: Imperialism, Exclusion, and Ecological Violence (David Naguib Pellow)

Back 36

Focus:

The US as a pluralist state

Various associations may engage in a democratic competitive process for access to state resources and governmental control.

Front 37

The role of government in facilitating the treadmill of production

Back 37

Expansion of public education in the post-World War II ear

Free market principle since 1960s

Front 38

The exploitation of people is linked to the exploitation of the environment because ?

Back 38

the former is accomplished through the resources and power ultimately derived from the latter.

Front 39

US Imperialism

Back 39

Another culture, people, or way of life is often perceived as inferior and thus socially and politically disposable.

Exploitation of natural resources and cheap labor through military force

The capitalist expansion continues in the form of free-trade agreements and proxy wars.
Ex. Copper from Chile, oil from Mexico, Venezuela, and Ecuador, Beef from Argentina

Monroe Doctrine: freedom of the Americas from new European colonization (1823). US intervention.

Front 40

Manifest Destiny:

Back 40

an ideological proposition that suggested racial and cultural superiority of the US that may guide the expansion of state to Mexico territory, to Central America, to the Caribbean, and beyond.

Front 41

Marshall Doctrine:

Back 41

Sovereignty of the state is superior to that of the indigenous people.

Front 42

Agyeman, Bullard, and Evans, Ch. 6: Race, Politics and Pollution (Beverly Wright)

Back 42

Focus:
The case study of the environmental degradation of Mississippi River in Louisiana (Cancer Alley) due to the development of petrochemical industries

A comparison with the experience of Ogoni people, the racial/ethnic minority in Nigeria, as a result of Negeria’s oil ecnomy.

Front 43

the second largest producer of refined oil in the US?

Back 43

Louisiana

Front 44

Industrial Property Tax Exemption Program

Back 44

pay relief on buildings, machinery, and equipment to the manufacturing corporations for up to ten years.

Front 45

Local consequences: of Industrial Property Tax Exemption Program

Back 45

75% of all exemption contracts produced no new jobs.

94% of the exemption contracts went to the existing business.

Front 46

Bell, Ch. 3, Money and Machines

Back 46

Focus:

Economics and technology are products of social organizations.

Economics and technology are often experienced as imperatives.

The dialogue between economics and technology and people’s perceptions of consumption.

Front 47

Factors that may shape economics and technology ?

Back 47

The needs of money

The treadmill of production

The social creation of treadmills

Front 48

Why is money needed?

Back 48

The uncertainties of the market

The business cycleCompetition for high-return rates

Consequences:
Accumulation of advantage (Robert Merton)

Front 49

Bell, Ch. 3, Money and Machines

Back 49

Focus:

Economics and technology are products of social organizations.

Economics and technology are often experienced as imperatives.

The dialogue between economics and technology and people’s perceptions of consumption.

Front 50

Why is the treadmill of production necessary?

Back 50

Creating high-return rates for investors in order to stay in the market

Maximizing profit surplus for capitalists and top managers

Front 51

Factors that may shape economics and technology ?

Back 51

The needs of money

The treadmill of production

The social creation of treadmills

Front 52

treadmill of production consequences

Back 52

Consequences:

Expansion of markets

High pay for those on top positions

Low pay for replaceable labor

Rates of corporate profit exceeded the economic growth rate.

Front 53

Why is money needed?

Back 53

The uncertainties of the market

The business cycle
Competition for high-return rates

Consequences:
Accumulation of advantage (Robert Merton)

Front 54

Conflicting values of local development and high productivity

Back 54

Local development centers on an increase of use vales of the place for the local people.

Business is interested in the exchange values of places.

Front 55

Why is the treadmill of production necessary?

Back 55

Creating high-return rates for investors in order to stay in the market

Maximizing profit surplus for capitalists and top managers

Front 56

The “invisible elbow” (Michael Jacobs)

Back 56

Unintentional compromises that people and the environments had due to the treadmills of production

Negative externalities: costs not included in the economic decision making, such as environmental impact

Positive externalities: external benefitsThe visibility is a product of the political acts of different social actors who have diverse interests
Ex. CAFOs “Confined Animal Feeding Operations”

Front 57

treadmill of production consequences

Back 57

Consequences:

Expansion of markets

High pay for those on top positions

Low pay for replaceable labor

Rates of corporate profit exceeded the economic growth rate.

Front 58

The treadmill of underproduction
Definition:

Back 58

Destruction of overworked production capacity leads to greater production declines
Related concept:
Jevons paradox: more efficient production can lead to more use of the resources

Front 59

Conflicting values of local development and high productivity

Back 59

Local development centers on an increase of use vales of the place for the local people.

Business is interested in the exchange values of places.

Front 60

The “invisible elbow” (Michael Jacobs)

Back 60

Unintentional compromises that people and the environments had due to the treadmills of production

Negative externalities: costs not included in the economic decision making, such as environmental impact

Positive externalities: external benefitsThe visibility is a product of the political acts of different social actors who have diverse interests
Ex. CAFOs “Confined Animal Feeding Operations”

Front 61

The treadmill of underproduction
Definition:

Back 61

Destruction of overworked production capacity leads to greater production declines
Related concept:
Jevons paradox: more efficient production can lead to more use of the resources

Front 62

Ideal aspects of treadmills: people’s perceptions of production and consumption

Back 62

Hard work ethics

Consumption: desires for more

Status

Front 63

The dialogue of production and consumption

Back 63

The relationship between the desire for more and profit

The relationship between profit and consumption

The relationship between consumption and status

Front 64

The dialogue of state and market

Back 64

Freedom-from: negative regulation (deregulation), a free-market principle

Freedom-to: positive regulation

Freedom-from requires as much as regulation as freedom-to

Front 65

Technological Somnambulism (Langdon Winner)

Back 65

Definition: technological sleepwalking
Phenomenology
Routinization of technology

Front 66

Productivity indicators: Profit margin (revenue minus costs per item)

Back 66

Profit margin (revenue minus costs per item)
Strategies:
1) Raising the prices of items
2) Reducing costs (lower wages)

Front 67

Productivity indicators:Profit ratio (total revenue divided by total cost)

Back 67

Strategies:
Increasing profit margin
Selling more items when profit margin drops.

Front 68

The willingness of workers to increase productivity can be induced by coercive or seductive measures

Back 68

Strategies:

Coercive measures are effective with few alternatives of jobs.

Seductive strategies are used when the employers can control other costs and compete with other employers.

Front 69

Productivity can be raised by changing production technologies.

Back 69

Strategies:
Plantation operation:
Larger farmers, mechanized equipment

Front 70

The logic of science:

Back 70

Philosophy of knowledge that include theories and methods

Reliance on empirical observation of the world of our experiences
Logical deduction of assumptions without reliance on observational evidence

Rational analysis

Front 71

The establishment of science

Back 71

Logic of science

Ethics: what is right or wrong? ex. Human research protection: human subjects in research

Sources of funding: social constructionism

Front 72

Milder form of social constructionism on the issue of environmentalism:

Back 72

Based on environmental facts

social and political process through which science is shaped and manipulated by social actors with different interests

Ex. The Global Warming issue

Front 73

What is technology?

Back 73

Stuff that are made by social actors in various institutions

Social relations are manifested in technology
Relations between people
Relations between the social system and the ecosystem

Front 74

what have technological changes done?

Back 74

Technological changes, especially in materials and energy that are used in production, have shaped social changes

Front 75

Lewis Mumford:

Back 75

Paleotechnic: wood, moving water and wind
Eotechnic: iron, coal
Neotechnic: steel, electricity

Front 76

The Agricultural Revolution

Back 76

Settlement

Accumulation of material possessions

Labor surplus

Front 77

Social institutions that were created for agricultural societies

Back 77

Religion (rituals)

Astronomical science

Government: armies

Front 78

Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution

Back 78

Use of nonrenewable resources (fossil fuels)

Steam powered energy

Large-scale production

Front 79

environmental consequences of industrial revolution?

Back 79

Natural resource depletion

Ecological additions: chemical waste

Urban problems: urban smog, disconnection with the nature

Front 80

Social institutions that determine technological research include ?

Back 80

universities, states, and corporations.

Front 81

Military-industrial complex:

Back 81

governments are the primary sources of funding
The basic science research that enhances military power

The research that improves their global economic competiveness

Front 82

Issue 14: Is Genetic Engineering the Answer to Hunger?

Back 82

Why is this problem important?

Issue of ethics: human hunger

Issue of environmental and social problems

Depletion of natural sources?

Insufficient food? Question of distribution?

Less pollution? Healthy food?

Front 83

Issue of justice:

Back 83

Who are those in hunger?

Who are those owing the technology?

Could governments regulate the distribution of technology?