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205 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The distribution of freshwater taxa is dependent on what factors?

1. physical


2. chemical


3. biological

What is the major physical factor that the distribution of freshwater taxa depend on?

water velocity

Flowing waters such as springs, rivers, streams, and karst are called....?

lotic

Standing water such as ponds, lakes, vernal pools, and reservoirs are called....?

lentic

Give 4 examples of lotic systems.

1. springs


2. rivers


3. streams


4. karst

Give 4 examples of lentic systems.

1. ponds


2. lakes


3. vernal pools


4. reservoirs

Name 2 types of freshwater habitats that don't fall under the lotic nor lentic categories.

estuaries and bayous

What are bayous?

lotic systems with some lentic qualities

What are estuaries?

the intersection of saltwater and freshwater

Name 2 ways lentic systems are stratified

1. by light


2. by temperature

Name the 2 zones in light stratification

1. photic zone (where photosythesis can occur)


2. aphotic zone (where it can't.)

Why does temperature stratification occur?

cold water is denser and typically rests at the bottom

In which seasons would a thermocline be evident? (double check this)

winter and summer

In which season would the highest O2 concentration be in the middle?

winter

Name 6 general characteristics of lotic systems

1. turbulent


2. no stratification


3. generally well oxygenated


4. fairly uniform temperature


5. high habitat heterogeneity


6. influenced by allochthonous inputs

The descriptive term for the position of a stream within watersheds relative to tributaries is...?

stream order

Name the the 2 methods for determining stream order

1. Strahler Method


2. Shreve Method

Which method is best for determining stream order and why?

Shreve, because it takes overall discharge into account

Which method for determining stream order is the most commonly used?

Strahler Method

Which method is this?

Strahler

Which method is this?

Shreve Method

Terms like "meandering" and "braiding" describe....?

channel pattern

What patterns determine the formation of channel units?

patterns of erosion and deposition

Name the 2 main types of channel units

riffles and pools

Riffles are erosional during (blank) flow

normal

Riffles are depositional during (blank) flow.

high

Pools are erosional during (blank) flow.

high

Pools are depositional during (blank) flow

normal

Define thalweg

The main line of flow through a channel, usually the deepest part of the channel, and creates the stream meander.

What is the term for bottom-dwelling inverts?

benthic inverts

Why are most freshwater inverts benthic?

Substrate provides refuge from the water current, predators, and competitors.

Name the 4 main types of benthic subtrate

1. boulders and cobbles


2. gravel


3. sand


4. silt

What are the 3 main ways diversity is influenced by chemistry?

1. dissolved oxygen


2. salinity


3. pH

Name the 6 main functional feeding groups

1. shredders


2. collectors


3. scrapers


4. predators


5. piercers


6. parasites

What is the food of collectors?

living and decomposing plant tissue

What is the food of collectors?

FPOM (fine particulate organic matter)

What is the food of scrapers?

periphyton

What is the food of predators?

whole animals, animal tissue

What is the food of piercers?

living hydrophytes

What is the food of parasites?

living animal and plant tissue

How do shredders obtain their food?

chewing wood and CPOM (coarse particulate organic matter)

How do collectors obtain their food?

filtering and/or gathering

How do scrapers obtain their food?

rasping and scraping

How do predators obtain their food?

engulfing/piercing

How do piercers obtain their food?

sucking

How do parasites obtain their food?

invasion

The "Upper Reaches" of a stream refer to....?

headwater to 3rd order streams

The "Middle Reaches" of a stream refer to....?

orders 4-6

The "Lower Reaches" of a stream are....?

order 7+

Which class of Porifera is mostly marine but is still the only class with freshwater species?

Demospongiae

Most Porifera species in North America are in which class?

Spongillidae

Most sponges prefer what type of substrate?

hard substrates such as rocks, plants, or logs

All sponges are what type of feeders?

filter feeders

Porifera gametes are formed by...?

amoebocytes

Name the 2 ways Porifera asexually reproduces

1. budding


2. gemmules

What structures do cnidarians use to feed?

tentacles and nematocysts

Give some examples of what cnidarians eat

plankton such as cladocerans, rotifers, and copepods

Even though cnidarians prefer eutrophicated waters, they are intolerant of...?

heavy metals

Name the only introduced species of freshwater jellyfish in North America

Craspedacusta sowberii (from Asia)

In what phylum are flatworms?

Platyhelminthes

What type of body plan do Turbellarians have?

acoelomate

How do Turbellarians respire?

cutaneous

Name the 3 general types of locomotion seen in Turbellarians

1. swimming via cilia


2. swimming or crawling via peristaltic action of muscles


3. leech-like looping movements in some terrestrial species

Is fertilization internal or external in turbellarians?

internal

Is development direct or indirect in freshwater turbellarians?

direct

In what ways do turbellarians asexually reproduce?

fragmentation and regeneration

What 2 types are turbellarians divided into?

1. microturbellarians


2. macrotubellarians

The Planarians fall into which turbellarian category? Which order are they in?

category: Macroturbellarians


order: Tricladida

Describe the functional role of turbellarians in the ecosystem

eaten by a variety of invertebrates and vertebrates, but are usually only a small part of the diet

How do Nemerteans differ from Turbellarians?

1. they have a circulatory system


2. complete digestive system


3. eversible proboscis (turbellarians have eversible pharynx)

There is only one genus of Nemertea in North America. What is it?

Prostoma

The single most important character in Nemerteans are their

eversible proboscis

All Nemerteans are predators and feed on

oligochaetes, crustaceans, nematodes, and turbellarians

Reproduction in Nemerteans is

sexual

What is the body plan of Gastrotrichans?

pseudocoelomate

What do Gastrotrichans feed on?

bacteria, algae, protozoans, and detritus

Are most rotifers freshwater or marine?

freshwater

Which phylum has a corona with cilia?

Rotifera

True or false: Rotifers are covered in cilia

false; only on the corona

What is the purpose of Rotifers' forked foot?

attachment to substrate

True or false: nematodes can be parasitic OR free-living

true

How do nematodes respire?

simple diffusion

Are nematodes monoecious or dioecious?

dioecious

Guinea worms (Dracunculus medinensis) are transmitted by...?

copepods from unfiltered drinking water

Which type of Gastropods evolved from marine ancestors?

Operculate snails

Which type of Gastropods evolved from terrestrial and semi-aquatic ancestors?

Freshwater pulmonates

What is the purpose of torsion?

excretion

What process do Gastropods undergo to aid in excretion?

torsion

What is the function of the radula?

scraping

Gastropods account for up to what percentage of the total biomass of southeastern streams?

95%

Name the 5 Gastropod families in the Operculate group

1. Pleuroceridae


2. Viviparidae


3. Hydrobiidae


4. Valvatidae


5. Pomatiopsidae

Name the 4 Gastropod families in the Pulmonate group

1. Physidae


2. Lymnaidae


3. Planorbidae


4. Ancyclidae

What form of reproduction do most operculate snail families exhibit?

oviparous

Which snail families are ovoviviparous?

Viviparidae and some Hydrobiidae

Which family of snails is the only monoecious one?

Valvatidae

Species with a one-year life cycle are referred to as (blank 1.) only reproduce (blank 2.) and exhibit (blank 3.)

1. annual


2. once


3. semelparity

Species that may live 4-5 years and reproduce each year are considered (blank 1.) and exhibit (blank 2.)

1. perennial


2. iteroparity

What word describes having seperate sexes?

dioecious

What word describes being hermaphroditic?

monoecious

Most snails are dioecious - true or false?

true

Campeloma can reproduce either sexually or ....?

parthenogenically

Give 3 general characteristics of Pulmonates

1. lack an operculum


2. thin shells


3. mainly restricted to lentic or slow flowing habitats

Which Pulmonate families breathe via a lung?

Physidae and Lymnaidae

Which Pulmonate families breathe via epithelial tissue of the mantle?

Ancyclidae and Planorbidae

Describe how Physidae and Lymnaidae breathe

via a lung; must come to surface to breathe, therefore restricted to shallow water

Describe how Ancylidae and Planorbidae breathe

via epithelial tissue of the mantle

Give 4 general characteristics of Operculates

1. have an operculum


2. breathe via a gill


3. thick shells


4. mainly restricted to lotic habitats

Oviparous pulmonates are always....?

hermaphrodites

What type of life cycle do Pulmonates usually exhibit?

annual and semelparous

Name the 5 most important lentic families of Gastropods

1. Planorbidae


2. Lymnaidae


3. Physidae


4. Viviparidae


5. Ancylidae

Name the 4 most important lotic families of Gastropods

1. Pleuroceridae


2. Hydrobiidae


3. Viviparidae (both lotic and lentic)


4. Ancylidae (both lotic and lentic)

Name the 4 limiting factors for Gastropods

1. calcium carbonate


2. pH


3. oxygen


4. temperature

Oxygen is less of a limiting factor in which snail group?

pulmonates since they rely on atmospheric oxygen

Left handed snails are called

sinistral

Right handed snails are called

dextral

Name 3 sinistral snail families

1. Physidae


2. Planorbidae


3. Ancylidae

Which snail family exhibits the highest diversity and endemism?

Hydrobiidae

Why was Corbicula introduced?

food

How has Corbicula had an economic impact in North America?

clogs filters and water intake devices of power and water treatment plants

How has Corbicula affected native fauna?

1. taking up available habitat


2. competing for food


3. eating sperm of native species

Which has caused more serious problems - Corbicula or Dreissena?

Dreissena

Name 5 factors influencing Bivalve distribition

1. substrate


2. pH


3. calcium carbonate


4. dissolved oxygen


5. temperaturs

What percentage of Bivalves are of some sort of conservation concern?

70%

How many Bivalve species are presumed extinct?

35

Name 3 causes of species loss in Bivalves

1. habitat degradation and loss


2. invasive species


3. loss of fish hosts

Describe 3 ways habitat degradation has affected Bivalve numbers?

1. impoundment and water level fluctuations


2. acid mine drainage altering pH


3. sedimentation

Name 4 ecological functions of bivalves

1. mussels filter large volumes of water


2. bioturbation


3. create habitat


4. major food source for other organisms

What do mussels feed on?

FPOM, bacteria, plankton

How do mussels create habitat for other organisms?

shells are often substrates for insects, madtoms, snails, etc

What is another word for the gills of Bivalves?

ctenidia

Name 3 functions of gills (ctenidia) in bivalves

1. respiration


2. feeding


3. reproduction

True or false: most bivalves are monoecious

false; most are dioecious

What are bivalve larva called?

glochidia

Long term brooders are called

bradytictic

Name the 2 reproductive strategies of bivalves

1. Bradytictic


2. Tachytictic

Define tachytictic

short term brooders

Name 5 host attraction strategies of bivalves

1. mantle lures


2. conglutinates


3. amorphous conglutinates


4. super conglutinates


5. host capture

The layer between warm and cold water is called

thermocline

Will you find more biodiversity in lotic or lentic systems?

lotic

Inputs coming from outside the system are called

allochthonous

Bed material grain size (blank) downstream toward drainage

decreases

Discharge (blank) downstream toward drainage

increases

width and depth of a stream (blank) downstream toward drainage

increase

A riffle is (blank) at times of high flow but is normally (blank 2.

1. depositional at high flow


2. erosional normally

A pool is (blank) at high flow but is normally (blank 2.)

1. erosional at high flow


2. deposotional normally

Define thalweg

where most of the stream's energy is

High gradient streams like headwater have larger or smaller substrate?

larger

Does substrate size increase or decrease as gradient decreases

substrate gets smaller/decreases as gradient decreases

Upstream where the organic matter is coarse, what groups of inverts will you find?

mostly collectors and shredders; a few grazers and predators

Downstream where organic matter is fine, what groups of inverts will you find?

mostly collectors and grazers; a few shredders and predators

Between upstream and downstream, what groups of inverts will you find?

collectors, grazers, and predators

What force causes stream meandering?

thalweg

Most energy input for the upper reaches of a stream (headwater to 3rd order) comes from:

allochthonous detritus / coarse particulate organic matter

What provides energy to shredders in the upper reaches (headwater to 3rd order) of a stream?

microorganisms growing on surface of CPOM

Will there be more photosynthesis in the upper, middle, or lower reaches of a stream and why?

middle because in headwaters, riparian vegetation shades the water and in the lower reaches the water is deep and cloudy

As slope of the basin decreases downstream, what increases?

1. channel width


2. channel depth


3. flow velocity


4. volume of stored alluvium


5. stream discharge

What decreases as slope of the basin decreases?

bed material grain size

Why is diversity influenced by water temp?

warmer temp means less dissolved oxygen

Why does the proportion of predators remain the same from upper to lower reaches?

Their numbers are dependent on the numbers of any of the other invertebrate feeding groups

How many drainages are in KY?

17

a?

deposition

b?

erosion

c?

upland terrace

d?

middle terrace

e?

floodplain terrace

The deepest part of the channel is usually the

thalweg

How is diversity influenced by disturbance?

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity is highest with a moderate (not too high or low) amount of disturbance.

How is diversity influenced by stream position?

The River Continuum Concept states that community composition is influenced by the prosition within a river system, because streams are heavily influenced by photosynthesis and allochthonous inputs processed by organisms

Gemmules occur only in

freshwater sponges

Groups of food laden amoebocytes are called

gemmules

How are gemmules formed?

environmental triggers such as decreases temps

How does budding in Porifera work?

body wall is fragmented and buds appear on sides of sponge; at a certain size they will fall off and settle at bottom to form a new sponge

Hydras have a larval polyp stage: true or false?

false; hydras have no larval stage

True or false: Cnidarians can change sex

true; environmental conditions can lead to changing sex

What do turbellarians use for excretion?

flame cells

True or false: turbellarians can change sex

true

True or false: the presence of turbellarians can be an indication of water quality

false; found in all sorts of waters

Are turbellarians found in lotic or lentic habitats?

both, but generally not in very fast moving water

Both Corbiculidae and Sphaeridae have what type of fertilization?

internal

Which Bivalve family exhibits maternal care?

Corbiculidae

How does maternal care work in Corbiculidae?

trochophore larvae develop inside the female so there is no free swimming stage

True or false: most Corbiculids are dioecious

false; most are monoecious/hermaphroditic

How do Sphaerids develop?

direct; in gills

Which Bivalves have the highest filtering rate?

Dreissena

Explain how Bradytictic bivalves reproduce

1. glochidia develop in gills from late fall-early spring


2. glochidia released in spring

Explain how Tachytictic bivalves reproduce

1. glochidia develop in gills only in summer


2. glochidia released near end of summer

Name 3 trachytictic genuses

1. Tritogonia


2. Elliptio


3. Pleurobema


4. Obliquaria

Name 3 bradytictic bivalves

1. Lampsilis


2. Lasmigona


3. Obovaria


4. Ligumia

Name 5 ecological functions of snails

1. up to 95% of total biomass in some SE streams


2. control periphyton production


3. major link between primary and secondary production


4. bioturbation


5. food source for other organisms

1?

mitosis

2.

mitosis

3?

mitosis

4?

mitosis!

A?

meiosis

B?

fertilization

What taxa are unsegmented with a cuticle?

Nematoda

What is the difference between Nematoda males and females?

females are larger and males have a curved end

Guinea worms are in which phylum?

Nematoda

Horse hair worms are in which phylum?

Nematomorpha

Describe the life cycle of Nematomorpha

1. eggs ingested by grasshopper


2. larva develops in gut


3. larva emerges when host is near water


4. develops into adult

Are Nematomorphans monoecious or dioecious?

dioecious

True or false: adult nematomorphans eat vast amounts each day

false; adults do not eat

Gastrotrichs start of as (blank 1.) then switch to (blank 2.) with cross fertization

1. parthenogenic


2. hermaphrodites

Which taxon has the mastax digestive organ?

Rotifera

Which taxon has a reproductive cycle like this?

Rotifera