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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirical Formula |
Shows the simplest ratio of the different types of atoms present in the molecule |
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Molecular Formula |
Shows the actual numbers of each type of atom in the molecule |
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Structural Formula |
Shows the atoms bonded to each carbon atom in the molecule |
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Displayed Formula |
All the bonds within the molecule are shown. |
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Skeletal formula |
It is a simplified version of the displayed formula. It has all the symbols for carbon and hydrogen atom removed. The carbon to carbon bonds are left in place. |
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Homologous series |
The members of each homologous series contain the same reactive group of atoms called the functional group. Ex: alkane, alcohol, ketone |
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Functional group |
The functional group determines the characteristic physical properties of the compounds that contain that specific functional group. Ex: OH, COOH, NH2, CN |
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Isomerism |
Isomerism occurs when two or more compounds having the same molecular formula exist in different forms due to different arrangement of atoms in their molecules. |
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Types of isomerism |
Structural Stereo isomerism |
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Structural isomerism |
Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formula. Ex chain, position, functional group |
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Chain isomerism |
The isomers have different carbon chains or skeletons. |
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Positional isomers |
It occurs within the same homologous series when the functional group is on a different carbon atom. |
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Functional group isomers |
It occurs when the compounds have a different functional group. Aldehydes and ketones Carboxylic acids and esters Alcohols and ethers |
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Stereo isomerism |
Compounds with the same molecular and structural formulae but different arrangements of the atoms in space. Cis trans (geometrical) Optical |
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Cis trans/ geometrical |
This occurs in compounds where there is the presence of a C=C double bond. - There is no free rotation about a C=C double bond - each of the carbon atoms joined by the double bonds has 2 different groups attached. |
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The smallest ring that can show both cis and trans isomerism |
Cyclooctene. It is large enough to twist into the right conformation. |
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Why isomers have different boiling points |
In isomers, the more branched the chain, the lower the boiling point tends to be. Van der Waals forces are smaller for shorter molecules. (less contact points) |
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Optical Isomerism |
Occurs when atoms have 4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached to it. This results in an asymmetric carbon atom or chiral centre. Two optical isomers (enantiomers) are formed. The 2 different molecules are mirror images of each other. They are non superimposable |
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Effect on plane polarized light |
A pair of optical isomers will rotate the plane of polarized light by equal amounts but in different directions. |
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Electrophile |
An electron deficient molecule or a positive ion which is attracted by and attacks a part of molecule which is rich in electron. It is an acceptor of a pair of e. |
