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175 Cards in this Set
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the pracitce of selecting mates from outside one's group
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Exogamy (heterogamy)
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the practice of selecting mates from within one's group
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Endogamy (homogamy)
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a socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring
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Marriage
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cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercorse between close blood relatives, such as brother and sister, father and daughter, or uncle and niece
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Incest Taboo
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a form of family consisting of married parents and their biological or adopted children
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Nuclear Family
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a family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents
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Extended Family
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newly married couples live with the husband's family
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Patrilocal Residence Pattern
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newly married couples live with the wife's family
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Matrilocal Residence Pattern
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each newly married couple sets up its own residence
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Neolocal Residence Pattern
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young adults who move back into their parents' home after living independently for a while or who never leave it in the first place
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Boomerang Generation
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the oldest females (usually grandmothers and mothers) control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males
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Matriarchal Family System
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the oldest men (grandfathers, fathers, and uncles) control cultural, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females
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Patriarchal Family System
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both partners share power and suthority fairly equally
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Egalitarian Family System
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a process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate
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Marriage Market
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one person is married exclusively to another person
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Monogamy
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individuals marry several people, but one at a time
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Serial Monogamy
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a marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses
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Polygamy
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the legal dissolution of a marriage
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Divorce
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state laws that do not require either partner to establish guilt or wrongdoing on the part of the other to get a divorce
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No-Fault Divorce
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a household in which two adult are biological or adoptive parents, with a child from a prior relationship, who marry or cohabit.
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Stepfamily
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an arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship
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Cohabitation
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both partners are employed outside the home
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Dual-Earner Couples (also called dual income, two-income, two-earner, or dual-worker couples)
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nonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family
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Fictive Kin
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reasoning that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection
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Deductive Resoning
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reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory
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Inductive Reasoning
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the steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of results, and, when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group
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Scientific Method
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a sample for which each person (or thing, such as an e-mail address) has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random
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Probability Sample
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a sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population
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Nonprobability Sample
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a group of people or things that are representative of the population researchers wish to study
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Sample
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research that examines nonnumerical material and interprets it
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Qualitative Research
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research that focuses on a numerical analysis of people's responses or specific characteristics
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Quantitative Research
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data collected by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings
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Field Research
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data collection method that systematically examines some form of communication
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Content Analysis
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research that relies on all of the standard data collection techniques to assess the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and the private sectors
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Evaluation Research
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the group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
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Control Group
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the tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share
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Material Culture
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the shared set of meanings that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world
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Nonmaterial Culture
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a society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior
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Norms
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norms that members of a society (or a group within society) look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment
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Folkways
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norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior
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Mores
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rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior
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Sanctions
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customs and practices that are common to all societies
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Cultural Universals
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the actual everyday behavior of people in a society
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Real Culture
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the beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow
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Ideal Culture
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the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards
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Cultural Relativism
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the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another
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Multiculturalism (cultural pluralism)
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the influence or domination of the cultural values and products of one society over those of another
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Cultural Imperialism
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the consistency of various aspects of society that promotes order and stability
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Cultural Integration
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the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture
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Cultural Lag
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key points: similar beliefs bind people together and create stability; sharing core values unifies a society and promotes cultural solidarity
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Functionalist Theory (MACRO)
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key points: culture benefits some groups at the expense of others; as powerful economic monopolies increase world-wide, the rich get richer and the rest of us get poorer
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Conflict Theory (MACRO)
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key points: women and men often experience culture differently; cultural values and norms can increase inequality because of gender, race/ethnicity, and social class
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Feminist (MICRO and MACRO)
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key points: cultural symbols forge identities (that change over time); culture (such as norms and values) helps people merge into a society despite their differences
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Symbolic Interactionist Theory
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the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society
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Socialization
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the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question
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Internalization
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approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood
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Social Learning Theories
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a self-image based on how we think others see us
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Looking-Glass Self
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an awareness of one's social identity
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Self
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learning to take the perspective of others
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Role Taking
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the people who are important in one's life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings
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Significant Others
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the process of learning how to perform a role one doesn't yet occupy
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Anticipatory Socialization
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The Three Ds
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dirty, dangerous, degrading
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dominant, strong, capable, wealthy, power, violence is not necessarily bad, white
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Hegemonic Masculinity
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the desire to move north because the grass is greener up north
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Northern Effect
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sociology was known as social physics until he coined our term; he thought this study would be the most important of all sciences; he applied the scientific method to sociology; the coined the term Positivism (applying the scientific method; he used observation, experimentation and comparison; he was empirical (experimentation instead of intuition); father of sociology;
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Comte
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wrote the "Communist Manifesto"; bourgeois (capitalists, the haves), and proletariat (workers, the have nots); angry that people had to work according to skills instead of desires; father of sociology; studied capitalism, class conflict and alienation; believed economics was central force of society; not able to get his message out and Charles Dickens had similar ideas but won his fame
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Karl Marx
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disagreed with Marx that economic was central, but argued that religion was central; he wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism;" he coined "Verstenhen"-German word for "to understand"-to interpret and understand the social world through experience; foundation for "interpretive sociology," which is the study of social meaning; coined "value-free"-you can't be biased in scientific research, but much separate personal values and opinions; father of sociology
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Max Weber
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wanted to see how social foces affect people's behavior; 1st sociology professor; he compared suicide rates of several European countries; "Social Facts"-aspects of social life that can be measured by the individual, ex: Protestants vs. Catholics, women vs. men, married vs. unmarries; he found highest rates of suicide in unmarried, Protestand men because they may not be very socially connected; conclusion: social integration was one of the main social factors of suicide; he was a founder practitioner of positivist sociology; father of sociology; wanted sociology to be seen as a separate academic discipline; studied social factors and integration
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Emilie Durkheim
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translated Comte's work into English; was a sociology writer and was supposed to be feminine and would hide her work under her knitting when someone would enter the room; wrote "society in America;" she is known for her translation mainly
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Harriet Martineau
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noticed poor hosues and founded the Hull House, which offered medical care, child care, classes for immigrants and the arts- community centers for the poor; she also campaigned for women's suffrage and NAACP for colored people and won 1st women's Nobel Peace Prize
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Jane Addams
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got PHD from Harvard; researched African Americans in Philadelphia; wrote The Philadelphia Negro; first African American to be invited to present at ASA (American Sociological Association); co-founded NAACP with Jane Addams; he looked at race/was a race scholar; coined the term "double consciousness"-the ideal/perspective of yourself vs. what society thinks of you; he grew up elite and was considered accepted in the North until he moved to the South and was viewed differently; he then had to deal with double consciousness; viewed by some as a father of American sociology
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W.E.B. Dubois
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urged sociologists to focus on social REFORM; sparked interest in social activism; coined term "sociological imagination"- the ability to see the sociological patterns that influence the individual and group life; warned against the "power elites"- the top leaders of business, politics and the military; was from Texas; not considered a father of sociology
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C. Wright Mills
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man who focused on social reform
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Mills
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man who focused on social factors
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Durkheim
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man who focused on race
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Dubois
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man who focused on religion
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Weber
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man who focused on economics
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Marx
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is about social classes and economics, NOT about communism; Marx is not a communist or a Marxist
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"The Communist Manifesto"
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a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; and explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
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Theory
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examines large-scale and broader aspects of society; ex. social class; the functionalist and conflict theories mainly and partly feminist
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Macrosociology
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studies maybe why people act this way in a particular situation; ex. symbolic interactionism and partly feminist theory
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Microsociology
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functions that are unintended or unrecognized; ex. not having to study as much since you took notes
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Latent Functions
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functions that are intended or recognized; ex. taking notes in class
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Manifest Functions
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the theory that varioues social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important/necessary function to keep society running; macrosociological
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Functionalist Theory
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shared meaning orientations and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people's actions; it's microsociological
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Social Interactionist Theory
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the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic animating force of social change and society in general; named by Karl Marx; Macrosociological
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Conflict Theory
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approaches that try to explain social, economic and political positions of women in society with a view to freeing women from traditional expectations, constraints, roles and behaviors; micro and macrosociological
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Feminist Theory
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meshes characteristics like gender and race or male and female to research
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Intersectional Theory
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a book written about how people misclassify the races, like Native Americans being confused as Hispanic; this gives a negative effects on the people's self esteem and creates defensiveness
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Implications of Racial Misclassification of Observers
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a book about interracial friendships which said that asians and hispanics are more likely to be friends with other races
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Beyond Black and White
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the effort to reduce uncertainty about some aspect of the society through the science of observation
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Scientific Research
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in an experiment, this can change in magnitude or value
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Variable
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How to Research
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1. select a topic, 2. define the problem, 3. review the literature of it, 4. formulate a hypothesis, 5. choose a research method, 6. collect the data, 7. analyze the results, 8. share the results
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a data collection method full of questionairres and interviews; strengths: can be inexpensive, easy to administer, fast turn around, easy to acquire sensitive information; weaknesses: low response rate, possibility of inaccurate information
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Surveys
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a data collection method that examines the data collected by someone else; includes historical materials, public records and official statistics; strengths: convenient and inexpensive; weaknesses: may not have the information you need
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Secondary Analysis
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a data collection method where they are participating in a research setting in order to observe what's happening in that setting; Jankowski studied 37 gangs; we need to separate gangs from other collected people crimes; "Defiant Individual first characteristic"- independent, survival instinct, isolated, survival of the fittest; saw importance of "organizational principles"-gang is composed of defiant individuals; strengths: in-depth understanding, flexible, ideally doesn't disrupt the subjects; weaknesses: sometimes can be expensive and dangerous; little control over the data
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Participant Observation
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data collection method that systematically OBSERVES people in their natural surroundings; strenths: depth understanding, flexible, not disrupting the subjects; weaknesses: can be expensive/dangerous and there's little control over the data
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Field Research
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the association between two variables
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Correlation
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a set of beliefs, traditions and practices, learned, taught, shared and always changing
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Culture
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man who coined the term "ethnomethodology," is a method for understanding the social orders people use to make sense of the world through analyzing their accounts and descriptions of their day-to-day experiences
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Harold Garfinkel
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a group or category of people who distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from the larger societyl ex. Quakers, third genders, polygamists
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Subculture
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a belief that one's own culture and way of life are superior to any others
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Ethnocentrism
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a belief that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards
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Cultural Relativism
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anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture; ex. apple pie, American flag
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Symbols
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the coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating the other
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Multicultural (cultural pluralism)
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the beliefs, practices, activities and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life
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Popular Culture
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form of communication designed to reach large numbers of people
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Mass Media
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the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture
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Cultural Lag
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Early Magazine Ideal
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married male, white, suburbs, cigarettes, church, two children, work and have a wife at home
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African Americans unable to meet hegemonic masculinity; lower SES, agressive status
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Cool Poise
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a system that enabled Hispanics to work during WWII, around 1942-1964, and fed and payed them to fill jobs from war, and it was not necessarily fair; it created a dependence on foreign workers
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Bracero Program
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a term that refers to the advantages people enjoy due to their race
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White Privilege
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What are women's 2nd and 3rd shifts?
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2nd-household labor/childcare, 3rd-family ties (ex. b-day parties or cards)
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Theoretical Perspectives on Racial-Ethnic Inequality
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Functionalist-prejudice and discrimination can be dysfunctional, but they provide benefits for dominant groups and stabilize society; Conflict-powerful groups maintain their advantages and perpetuate racial-ethnic inequality primarily through economic exploitation; Feminist-minority women suffer from the combined effects of racism and sexism; Symbolic Interactionist-hostile attitudes toward minorities, which are learned, can be reduced through cooperative interracial and interethnic contacts
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Concerns for the Family
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1. Birth control, 2. children born out of welock, 3. reform of the divorce laws, 4. women in the workforce (said in the 1860s and still active today)
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Changes in Marriage
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1. Colonial time-women were recognized as contributors to household, 2. 1800's-most middle class women helped with the income, 3. 1950's- modern marriage enters culture (the ideal is that the husband works and wife stays at home)
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What type of male (race and SES) will be more likely to help his wife out with the household chores?
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African American males of lower SES
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Arrange races in order of highest births to unmarried women to lowest
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African Americans, American Indians, Latinas, White, Asian Americans
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Do white, hispanic or black women feel the need to marry early?
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White, because the others may struggle/desire to be financially stable first
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the book by Kathryn Edin and Maria Keflas that explained that different SES groups see unmarried committment and children differently; ex. low SES=kid saved me and demonstrates committment, high SES=kid inhibited my success and it doesn't necessarily mean committment
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Unmarried with Children
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What do low-income single mothers say about marriage? by Kathryn Edin/Maria Keflas' "Unmarried with Children" in 2000
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they hold marriage in high regard, but don't necessarily want to get married; she did a study and found that African Americans in low SES say they want to be helped by their man financially but want themselves to be stable even without him
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Social Classes in America
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1. Upper Class- old money-inherited and new money-earned, 5% of population; 2. Middle Class- 40 to 45%, ex. teacher with a retirement plan; Working Class- 33.3% of population, fewer benefits like health care; college is the goal, but only 1/3 of them will go; Lower class- 20% of population, only 1/4 get a college degree
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a person's ability to move up and down the social ladder
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Social Mobility; different types include: horizontal mobility-steady kinds of jobs, intRAgenerational mobility- the changing of your social status because of your family RAight now..during your lifetime, IntERgenerational mobility- the movement bERtween generations, like parent's making sure their kids are well off since they were not
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a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence the child's internalization of society's norms and values
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Generalized Other
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the process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one's less appealing qualities
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Impression Management
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Mead's Three Stages in Developing a Sense of Self
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Preparatory Stage- self centered and observant, play stage- imitates others, game stage- connects to societal roles
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the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms and behavior
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Resocialization
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a social position that a person occupies in a society
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Status
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a collection of social statuses than an individual occupies at a given time
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Status Set
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a social position that a person is born into
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Ascribed Status
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an ascribed or achieved status that determines a person's identity
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Master Status
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a behavior expected of a person who has a particular status
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Role
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the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status
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Role Performance
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the different roles attached to a single status
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Role Set
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the frustrations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses
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Role Strain
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a term coined by Harold Garfinkel which is the study of how people construct and deal with reality-that we learn to share definitions of reality to make every day interactions possible
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Ethnomethodology
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the perspective that says people, when interacting, act to maximize rewards and benefits and minimize punishments or cost
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Social Exchange Theory
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cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercource between close blood relatives, such as brother and sister
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Incest Taboo
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newly married couples living with the husband's family
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Patrilocal Residence Pattern
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newly married couples living with the wife's family
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Matrilocal Residence Pattern
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newly married couples have their own residence
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Neolocal Residence Pattern
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when individuals marry several people, but one at a time
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Serial Monogamy
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state laws that do not require either partner to establish guilt or wrongdoing on the part of the other to get a divorce
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No-Fault Divorce
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a household in which two adults are biological or adoptive parents, with a child from a prior relationship, who marry or cohabit
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Stepfamily
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information that is based on observations, experiments, or experiences rather than on ideology, religion, or intuition
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Empirical
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reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory
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Inductive Reasoning
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The Levels of Personal Space from closest to farthest
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Intimate Distance (18 inches), Personal Space (4 feet), Social Distance (very formal- ex. job interview, 12 feet around body), Public Distance (ex. public speakers or concerts)
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created the theory of social control which is a direct response to crime; social control=the mechanisms that make people in a group act a certain way; laws are how government uses social control. Who does the law protect? Mainly those in power; people may not go to prison because they have economic power. A symbolic interactionist would say that people learn deviance from people around them and that those peers are more important than the government's follies. A conflict theorist would say that laws protect the rights of a few, usually the upper class (proletarians is what Marx says). Functionalists would say crimes occur when people experience blocked opportunities.
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Donald Black
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a set of mechanisms which redistribute resources; ex. it began with a few elites, okay middle class and large poor; if it changes, it will always go back. about crime, the laws protect elites and help keep classes the same
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World System Theory
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the growth and spread of investment, trade, communication, production and new technology around the world
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Globalization
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arranging the members of a society into a pattern of superior and inferior ranks. wealth, prestige, and power make up social class and this term (social stratification)
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Social Stratification
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this woman said that social class plays a bigger role in how parents raise their children than race; coined "Consertive motivation"-child is in all sorts of activities, negotiate instead of physical punishment, stressed talked and grammar and of the middle class; and "Accomplishment of Natural Growth"- parents provide food, safety, love and the child will do well' not in many activities; closer to relatives; used physical discipline; skeptical of professionals; working class
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Annette Lareau
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a woman who said that wives are more likely to hold on to social class from their childhood
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Janeen Baxter
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not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life
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Absolute Poverty
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not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living
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Relative Poverty
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the minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic substistence
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Poverty Line
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the idea that women are more often poor
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The Feminization of Poverty
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general term involving tendencies to diverge from the norm (sexually); those who are transsexual, intersexual and
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Transgendered
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identifies with a physical sex different from what the person is born with
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Transsexual
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at birth, the individual is not clearly male or female (hermaphrodite)
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Intersexual
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the belief that heterosexuality is superior
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Heterosexism
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people who cross dress at times but do not necessarily identify with the opposite sex
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Transvestites
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Feminine Traits: tactful, quiet, aware of feelings, connection, empathy, caring
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Masculine Traits: aggressive, independent, dominant, competitive, active. and if equal in both male and female traits: androgenous
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said that gender is a major building block to social order and a huge element in every day life
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Stacy and Thorne
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an intimate group of two or more people who 1. live together, 2. care for needs of each other, 3. share close emotional ties and functions
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Family
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one man, many wives
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Polygyny
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one wife, many husbands
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Polyandry
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Functions of the Family:
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1. Sexual control or regulation, 2. Reproduce and socialize family into culture, 3. Economic security, 4. Emotional support, 5. Social Placement
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Education- transmits attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms and skills to its members through formal, systematic training
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: )
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Schooling-formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting
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: D
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observed that industrial nations use credentials (diplomas) in order to hire employees
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Randall Collins
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different colleges and different diplomas mean different things and vary in desirability
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Carnegie System
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Manifest (intended) Functions of Education
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1. Socialization agencies, 2. Transmits knowledge and skills, 3. Cultural Integration, 4. Cultural Innovation, 5. Meritocracy (allows people to move up the economic ladder through professions)
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Latent (unintended) Function of Education
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1. Schools provide childcare, 2. Matchmaking institutions, 3. Education keeps kids out of job market, so there is less competition for a job, 4. Schools create social networks, 5. Good for business, 6. Creates jobs for teachers, cooks, RA's, etc.
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