Intro To Sociology Exam 2

Front 1

Sociology of religion

Back 1

How people put their beliefs about the sacred into action as they relate to other people

Front 2

Characteristics of traditional religious forms

Back 2

1. Group phenomenon
2. Concerned with the sacred
3. Body of beliefs
4. A set of practices
5. Moral prescriptions

Front 3

Religions

Back 3

Sets of beliefs, symbols, and practices oriented toward super-empirical orders that make claims to organize, guide, and make human life meaningful

Front 4

Super-empirical

Back 4

Not normally observable with the five human senses

Front 5

Action orientations

Back 5

Ways people think they ought to act (ritual: prayer, baptism, pilgrimage, commandments VS moral: what is good, true, wise, ethical behavior, parenting, etc.)

Front 6

Systems of discourse

Back 6

structured ways of talking about and describing the world, which becomes a part of the lived experience of adherents (ex. worldly, born again, get saved, kosher, keep Sabbath)

Front 7

How does religion function?

Back 7

1. Action orientations
2. Systems of discourse
3. Subjective experience
4. Concerns significance and meaning

Front 8

Theodicy

Back 8

The problem of explaining evil

Front 9

Religiosity

Back 9

Objective forms: behavioral - participation/practice, material contribution, conformity to rules VS Subjective forms: belief in, knowledge of, explanations offered

Front 10

Types of religiosity

Back 10

1. Intellectual aspect
2. Ritualistic aspect
3. Experimental aspect
4. Ideological aspect
5. Consequential aspect

Front 11

Intentional religion

Back 11

Religion influences behavior, the person is aware/acknowledges its effect using religious language

Front 12

Instrumental religion

Back 12

Person acknowledges religion's influence on behavior, but the influence is essentially pragmatic; religion helps them avoid undesirable consequences of behaviors

Front 13

Invisible religion

Back 13

Religion influences behavior, the person is unaware/denies its relevance

Front 14

Inconsistent religion

Back 14

Religion does not influence behavior, but the person acknowledges that religion is relevant and ought to influence their actions

Front 15

Irrelevant religion

Back 15

Religion does not influence behavior, and the person denies/is unaware of/does not care about its relevance

Front 16

Irreligion

Back 16

Religion does not influence behavior because the person is not religious

Front 17

Dimensions/characteristics of spirituality

Back 17

Transcendence, meaning, sacredness of life, material values do not satisfy spiritual needs, mystery of creation, idealism, altruism

Front 18

Spiritual but not religious

Back 18

More educated, more individualistic, more likely to engage in mysticism, less likely to hold a theistic view of God, more likely to speak of a "spiritual journey"/quest, more likely to come from a less religious background

Front 19

Hobbes

Back 19

Religion is ignorance, lies; humans stand in awe of their own imaginations

Front 20

Durkheim

Back 20

God is society itself, personified and represented by the imagination, linking religion to primitive irrationality

Front 21

Marx

Back 21

Religion is the opium of the people

Front 22

Comte

Back 22

Religion is an evolutionary stage in moral development

Front 23

Hitchens

Back 23

Religion has poisoned everything

Front 24

Explanations for the gender gap (religion)

Back 24

1. Different gender socialization?
2. Less labor force participation = more time?
3. Preference for risk-taking?

Front 25

Pascal's wager

Back 25

Women are more risk aversive, therefore more religious

Front 26

Religious affiliation

Back 26

The institutional tie between the individual and a religious organization

Front 27

Denomination

Back 27

Part of larger religious traditions with sets of creeds, teachings, rituals, and authority structures

Front 28

Protestant mainline

Back 28

(ex. PCUSA, EC, UMC, ELCA) more formal worship, more accommodating toward modernity, proactive view on social/economic issues, tolerate varying individual beliefs, evangelical/theological liberal contingents, media-averse

Front 29

Evangelicalism

Back 29

(ex. Baptists, PCA, LCMS, non-denominational, independent, Bible churches) less tied to denominations, typically seek more separation from broader culture, emphasize missionary activity and individual conversion, more concerned about theology and doctrine (than mainline), attuned to media/music

Front 30

Pentecostalism

Back 30

(ex. Assemblies of God, UPC, PH, COGIC) rapid global growth, emphasizes "Gifts of the Holy Spirit", healing power, spiritual forces, some "health and wealth", media savvy

Front 31

Roman Catholicism (US)

Back 31

more sacramental, clear Church hierarchy and parish system, historically ethnically-based, serious priest shortest, heavily Latino in S/SW US

Front 32

African Americans (religion)

Back 32

(ex. COGIC, AME, AME Zion, CME, three Baptist denominations) theologically like evangelicalism, but emphasize the importance of freedom and quest for justice, no strong privatization of religion, highest religiosity affiliation rates

Front 33

Other religious traditions (US)

Back 33

Buddhists: many white converts, many cultural immigrants
Hindus: Indian immigrants
Jews: Reform, conservative, Orthodox (3%)
Mormons (LDS) > 3%
Muslims: immigrants, small group of American Black Muslims

Front 34

Moralistic therapeutic deism

Back 34

1. God exists and created the world and watches over human life
2. God wants people to be good, nice, and fair to each other
3. The goal of life is to be happy and feel good about yourself
4. God need not be active in people's lives unless they need resolution of a problem
5. Good people go to heaven when they die

Front 35

Three levels of secularization process

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1. Society and its institutions
2. Culture and its symbols
3. Individual consciousness and practice

Front 36

Functional Evolution (secularization)

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The loss of social purposes of religion b/c core social purposes of religion met outside of religion

Front 37

Reasons for religious persistence

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1. There will always be a need for meaning-making
2. Religious traditions have always strategically altered their collective identities
3. Modern believers may establish stronger religious identities/commitment on the basis of choice than through ascription
4. Modernity's social conditions can actually increase religion's appeal

Front 38

Norris and Inglehart (secualrization)

Back 38

Existential security - secularization will occur if people feel that their survival is secure

Front 39

Discursive consciousness (sexual decision making)

Back 39

The self-knowledge a person is able to give words to

Front 40

Practical consciousness (sexual decision making)

Back 40

"tacit stocks of knowledge" a person draws upon when acting

Front 41

Plasticity of female sexuality

Back 41

Female sexuality appears to be more "open" to direction and alteration

Front 42

Sexual economics

Back 42

Engaging in sexual intercourse is more costly for women than for men (ex. pregnancy, STDs, emotional difficulty, etc.)

Front 43

Common perspectives on sex among college-age Americans

Back 43

Progressive traditionalism, selective permissiveness, transitory hedonism, accidental temperance, committed chastity, cynical carelessness, compulsive gratification

Front 44

Reasons parents do not talk about sex

Back 44

wouldn't do any good, wouldn't know the answers, raise parent/child trust concerns, kids are too busy to talk, they might think talk = approval, they'll find information elsewhere, anticipated difficulties in explaining how things work

Front 45

Factors in delaying first sex

Back 45

Strategic orientation, parent's average education, aversion to risk-taking, family satisfaction, biologically intact family, dating behavior, schoolmates' sexual behavior

Front 46

Functions of families

Back 46

1. Economic production
2. Socialization of children
3. Care of the sick and aged
4. Recreation
5. Sexual control
6. Reproduction

Front 47

Family

Back 47

1. Historical change in family
2. Marriage and divorce
3. Love and marriage
4. Contemporary fatherhood

Front 48

Benefits of marriage

Back 48

More global happiness, satisfaction with sex, greater wealth

Front 49

Common reasons for delay (marriage)

Back 49

1. Economic insecurity
2. Immaturity
3. Fear of a poor match
4. Fear of divorce
5. Unrealistic expectations

Front 50

Reasons for cohabitation

Back 50

'Anti-marriage' sentiments, avoidance of divorce, fear of commitment, test of compatibility, expectation of a future relationship, independence, stability, value change, decline in the influence of religion, conformity, financial reasons, rebellion

Front 51

Types of cohabitation

Back 51

substitute for marriage, step toward marriage, trial marriage, coresidential dating

Front 52

Romantic love

Back 52

People being emotionally and sexually attracted to each other, appears in nearly 9 out of 10 societies around the globe

Front 53

Narratives

Back 53

The big stories that animate our lives

Front 54

Scripts

Back 54

The action plans derived from narratives

Front 55

Socialization

Back 55

Plausibility structures

Front 56

Institutionalization

Back 56

The process by which narratives, scripts, and socialization become real