Intro To Psychology - Chapter 5: Learning

Front 1

maturation

Back 1

changes due to genetic blueprint and not by experience

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Ivan Pavlov

Back 2

physiologist, did experiment on salivating dogs; reflex; classical conditioning

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reflex

Back 3

an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal choice or choice

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stimulus

Back 4

any object, event, or experience that causes a response

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response

Back 5

the reaction of an organism

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Classical conditioning

Back 6

learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

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unconditioned stimulus

Back 7

the original, naturally occurring stimulus mentioned in the preceding paragraph (food in pavlov's experiment)

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unconditioned response

Back 8

reflex response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation to the food)

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neutral stimulus

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stimulus that has no effect on the desired response (dish)

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conditioned stimulus

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stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus (dish)

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conditioned response

Back 11

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

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acquisition

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the repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS

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stimulus generalization

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the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

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stimulus discrimination

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the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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extinction

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the disappearance of weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning_ or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning)

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

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higher-order conditioning

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occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

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John B. Watson

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"Little Albert" and the classical conditioning of a phobia

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conditioned emotional response (CER)

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emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person

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Vicarious conditioning

Back 20

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

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conditioned taste aversion

Back 21

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

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biological preparedness

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referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea with only one or few parings due to the survival value of learning

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stimulus substitution

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original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

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Robert Rescorla

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found that the CS has to provide some kind of information about the coming of the UCS to achieve conditioning; experiment with the rats and tone

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cognitive perspective

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modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

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operant conditioning

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the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

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Edward Thorndike

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first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary responses, although the field was not yet called operant conditioning; puzzle box with the cats; developed the law of effect

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law of effect

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law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

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B.F. Skinner

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the behaviorist who assumed leadership after John Watson; operant behavior; skinner box with the rats and the lever that gave them food when they pushed it

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operant

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any behavior that is voluntary

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reinforcement

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any event or stimulus that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

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reinforcers

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any events or objects that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occuring again

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primary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

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secondary reinforcer

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any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

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positive reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

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negative reinforcement

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the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

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partial reinforcement effect

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the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all correct responses to by very resistant to extinction

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continuous reinforcement

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the reinforcement of each and every correct response

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fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

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variable interval schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event (pop quiz)

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fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

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the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number

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variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

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schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

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punishment

Back 43

any event or object that when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

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punishment by application

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the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

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punishment by removal

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punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

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discriminative stimulus

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any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

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shaping

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the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

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successive approximation

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small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

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instinctive drift

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tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

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behavior modification

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the application of operant conditioning (and sometimes classical conditioning) to bring about desired changes in behavior

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token economy

Back 51

type of behavior modification which the behavior is rewarded by tokens

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applied behavior analysis (ABA)

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modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

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biofeedback

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using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure relaxation, under voluntary control

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neuro feedback

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form of biofeedback using brain scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

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latent learning

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the learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

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Edward Tolman

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latent learning; rats and mazes

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insight

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the sudden perception of relationships among various

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Wolfgang Kohler

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Gestalt; experiment with the chimpanzees; insight

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positive psychology

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a new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy

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Martin Seligman

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learned helplessness on dogs; positive psychology

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learned helplessness

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the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

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observational learning

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learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
four elements include attention, memory, imitation, and motivation

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Bandura

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observational learning; bobo doll experiment

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learning/performance distinction

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referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior