Intro To Psych

Front 1

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

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BF SKINNER

Front 2

After Maya gave her friend the password to a protected website, the friend was able to remember it only long enough to type it into the password box. In this instance, the password was clearly stored in her ________ memory.

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short term

Front 3

A neutral stimulus is an event or situation that

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elicits no response prior to classical conditioning

Front 4

The process of getting information into memory is called

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encoding

Front 5

An attorney uses misleading questions to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates

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the misinformation effect

Front 6

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the

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controlled response

Front 7

Withdrawing a desirable stimulus following an operant response is

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negative punishment

Front 8

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the phone number was clearly stored in his ________ memory.

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short term

Front 9

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

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stimulus

Front 10

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

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survival

Front 11

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

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shaping

Front 12

An eyewitness to a bank robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being used?

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recognition

Front 13

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

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spontaneous recovery

Front 14

After his mother smiles, Jimmy's request for a snack is reinforced. But if his mother is not smiling, his subsequent request for a snack is not reinforced. By indicating that Jimmy's request for a snack will be reinforced, the mother's smile is a

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discriminative stimulus

Front 15

Which of the following is central to the processing of procedural memories?

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basal ganglia

Front 16

Copying an adult, young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to pull on the knob. This best illustrates

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overimitation

Front 17

Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of

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false memories

Front 18

A year and a half after directly experiencing a San Francisco earthquake, people had very accurate recall of where they had been and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake. Their recall best illustrates ________ memory.

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flashbulb

Front 19

What we learn under the influence of a drug may be more easily recalled when we are once again under the influence of that very same drug. This best illustrates

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state-dependent memory

Front 20

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

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procedural

Front 21

Intermittent reinforcement is associated with ________ acquisition and ________ extinction than continuous reinforcement.

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slower,slower

Front 22

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ .

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negative reinforcer

Front 23

In order to remember her way from her new home to her school, Julie consciously formed a mental image of each street corner at which she needed to turn. This best illustrates

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effortful processing

Front 24

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information.

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7

Front 25

a cold lemonade for pulling weeds on a hot day is a ...

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primary reinforcer

Front 26

The stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called

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acquisition

Front 27

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation. This best illustrates

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higher order conditioning

Front 28

Taking away the driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a

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negative punishment

Front 29

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the

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salivation to food in the mouth

Front 30

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

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jerking hand off hot stove

Front 31

Memories for well-learned automatic skills such as how to tie your shoes are called ________ memories.

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procedural

Front 32

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

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generalization

Front 33

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

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unconditioned response

Front 34

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called

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extinction

Front 35

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

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classical conditioning

Front 36

Although Maria can encode and consciously recall new information, she is unable to consciously recall events that happened prior to the brain damage that she suffered as an adolescent. Maria's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates

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retrograde amnesia

Front 37

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by

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biological predispositions

Front 38

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

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fixed interval

Front 39

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer.

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conditioned

Front 40

Long-term potentiation refers to

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an increase in a neuron's firing potential

Front 41

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates

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proactive interference

Front 42

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

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Ivan Pavlov

Front 43

Researchers asked university students to imagine certain childhood events, including a false event such as breaking a window with their hand. They discovered that

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it is surprisingly easy to lead people to construct false memories

Front 44

On the phone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items

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the middle of the list

Front 45

A positive reinforcer is anything that when ________ a response, strengthens the response.

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introduced after

Front 46

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was

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salivation to the sound of the tone

Front 47

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

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observable behavior

Front 48

Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of

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mirror neurons

Front 49

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days. His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

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extinction

Front 50

Another term for implicit memory is ________ memory.

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nondelcaritve

Front 51

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

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generalization

Front 52

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

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fixed ratio

Front 53

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates

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higher order conditioning

Front 54

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

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positive punishment