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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the ____ they receive. |
feedback |
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A prison is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, ususally ___. |
felonies |
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An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation was called a ______. |
penitentiary |
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The social and political climate of the 1960s gave rise to the ______ model of corrections. |
crime control |
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______ are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarcerations. |
Intermediate sanctions |
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Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in a jail or prison? |
2 million |
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As community corrections evolved, prisons were able to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop _____. |
a crime-free lifestyle |
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Solitary confinement and isolation at night, work in the day |
congregate system |
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Since 1980, a greater proportion of correctional growth has occurred in |
probation and parole |
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The opening of the ______ State penitentiary in Cherry Hill, PA marked the full development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of solitary confinement. |
Eastern |
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Nearly 40% of all offenders are under the correctional control of what 4 states (Big 4)? |
-Texas -Florida -New York -California |
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In the US jails are operated mainly by what level of government? |
County |
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The twin goals of corrections are: |
Punishment and protection |
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During the Colonial Period, jails were mainly used to house |
those pending court appearance |
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Much of the ideas, practices, and principles that are the foundation of the American Criminal Justice System were adopted from what country? |
England |
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What percent of people born in 2001 will go to prison at some time during their lives? |
13%
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Until early 1800s, most of our practices came from ______ |
Europe |
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System of government in which power and responsibilities are split between individual state governments and one national government |
Federalism |
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Which 2 states have the largest prison populations? |
Texas and California |
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In Bentham's view, criminals were somewhat ______ or unbalanced, lacking the self-discipline to control their passions by reason |
child-like |
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Incarceration remains the standard punishment for people who commit ______ crimes |
serious |
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The scientific/forensic development of ____ has enabled many who have been wrongfully convicted and imprisoned to be exonerated |
DNA |
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A convicted offender who is imprisoned for a fixed period of time has been given a _____ sentence |
determinate |
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Most states have ____ time policies |
good |
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When an innocent person is found guilty by plea or verdict, it is known as a |
wrongful conviction |
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Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as ____. |
general deterrence |
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_____ is known as the founder of what is know referred to as the Classical school of criminology. |
Cesare Beccaria |
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_____ sentences are usually reserved for certain types of offenders, including violent and serious drug offenses and habitual offenders. |
Mandatory |
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Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are ____ sanctions. |
Intermediate |
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The ____ report is a summary prepared by a probation officer who investigates the background of a convicted offender in order to help the judge select an appropriate punishment. |
presentence |
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Fines, forfeiture of illegally gained assets, and restitution to victims are all examples of what form of punishment? |
Intermediate sanctions |
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Advocates a type of punishment which is designed to repair losses to the victim and the community while attempting to keep the offender connected to society |
Restorative justice |
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_____ remains the standard punishment for people who commit serious crimes |
Incarceration |
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The presentence report is prepared by a ____ |
probation officer |
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The death penalty was used frequently in the ___ |
Middle Ages |
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Fines and restitution are examples of ____ sanctions |
intermediate |
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Deterrence assumes that people think ____ before they act. |
rationally |
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Felony courts hear about ____% of all criminal cases. |
10% |
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Which state has the largest death row population? |
California |
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Which state executes the most death row inmates? |
Texas |
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____ are those individuals who are dependent upon a drug or alcohol |
addicts |
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People in jail are younger and disproportionately African-American and most are _____ |
unmarried |
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Despite the short stays of inmates in jails, specialized treatment programs designed especially for jails have shown ____ success. |
some |
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Compared to incarceration, diversion has been shown to be a _____ alternative. |
cheaper |
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A _______ program program is an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor in exchange for no jail time. |
pretrial diversion |
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The average delay between arrest and sentencing is |
more than 6 months |
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Significant problems facing inmates today: |
-Mental health -substance abuse -legal -medical needs -pretrial detainee rights |
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Supervision style designed in pedlar units and encourages staff and offender interaction; problem with maintaining qualified staff |
Direct supervision |
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Generally, it has been found that building new jails or ____ the capacity of existing facilities has little impact on the problem of crowding |
increasing |
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4 new jail design concepts: |
-Podular design -Personal space -Interaction space -Direct supervision |
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The idea behind the American jail system was adopted from ____ |
England |
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Recently there has been a major emphasis on programs to ____ offenders awaiting trial |
release |
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The ___ system is a system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each inmate held. |
fee |
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Jails are considered to be the ____ of corrections. |
entryway to |
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Jail practices in US descend directly from feudal practices of 12th century ____ |
England |
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____ jail population is awaiting trial |
1/2 |
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Most jail inmates in US today are |
young Caucasian males |
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About ____ of all jail inmates have a history of mental problems |
2/3 |
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Jails run by states in (6): |
- Connecticut -Alaska -Hawaii -Rhode Island -Delaware -Vermont |
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____ is compensation for an injury to society by performance of service |
community service |
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____ is a sum of money that the offender must pay either to the victim or to a public fund for crime victim |
restitution |
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_____ was a practice under English Common Law whereby a judge could suspend the imposition or execution of a sentence on a condition of good behavior on the part of the offender |
Judicial repreive |
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______ is based on the goal of punishing the offender as severely as needed to protect the community and to satisfy the public. |
community corrections |
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_____ are a variety of punishments that are more restrictive than probation but less severe and costly than incarceration. |
intermediate sanctions |
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form of probation with conditions that are more strict |
intensive supervision program (ISP) |
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Intermediate sanctions fit the concept of ___ which is a range of punishments that vary in intrusiveness and control |
continuum of sanctions |
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The two most common types of intermediate sanctions used to lessen prison overcrowding in the US are |
shock incarceration and boot camps |
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type of sentence where an offender serves a period of time before being placed on probation |
split sentence |
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When savings from community corrections are used to help build up the crime prevention programs in communities that have the most people under community supervision |
justice reinvestment |
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One way corrections predicts the risk of future criminal behavior |
objective risk assessment |
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Government seizure of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity |
forfeiture |
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If an offender falls behind on restitution, they may be sent to a |
restitution center |
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More than 2/3 of people under correctional authority are under |
community supervision |
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Several recent studies indicate that prison is _____ in changing people for the better |
not successful |
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First US probation officer and creator of the term |
John Augustus |
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Variations to home confinement may be possible if they are __ & __ |
justified & approved |
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____ are infrequently used in US other than motor vehicle infractions |
Fines |
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Law enforcement role emphasizes ___ & ___ |
surveillance and control |
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3 types of conditions in probation |
-standard -punitive -treatment |
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The typical ___ prison of the 1940s and 1950s was a walled prison with large tiered cell blocks, a yard, a shop, and industries. |
Big House |
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Historically the Bureau of Prisons has enjoyed a good reputation and has been viewed as an ___ in the field of corrections |
Innovator |
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The director or the Bureau of Prisons is appointed by the ____ |
President |
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The ___ design is mainly used for maximum-security prisons in the US |
telephone pole |
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The ____ strategy refers to a plan of doing nothing in regard to prison overcrowding, simply because it is assumed the problem is temporary and will disappear in time |
null |
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Currently the largest racial/ethnic group in state-level US prisons is ____ |
African American |
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3 main models of corrections in past 60 years |
-custodial -rehabilitation -reintegration |
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4 basic prison designs currently in US |
-telephone pole -radial -campus -courtyard |
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Majority of adult prisons in US are located in ___ areas |
rural |
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Number of people incarcerated in US jails and prisons |
2.3 million |
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Prison design is organized to permit inmates and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration |
minimum security |
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Mandatory sentencing laws greatly limit the discretion of judges with regard to the ___ |
length of sentences for certain offenders |
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The nation's first prisons were built utilizing the ___ design (modeled after Eastern and Western state penitentiaries) |
radial |
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Dept of Corrections is ___ to control amount of people sent by courts |
unable |
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prison constructed in form of a wheel with spokes radiating from a central core |
radial |
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Prison construction is an explanation for the ____ in US |
increased rate of incarceration |
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Most frequent type of offense of federal prisoners is ___ |
drug related |
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In the traditional prison of the big house era, administrators enlisted the assistance of ___ to help maintain order |
inmate leaders |
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The span of ____ refers to the extent of supervision by one person |
control |
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Much of the American public believes that prisons are run in a ____ manner |
Authoriatiarian |
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The ability to obtain compliance by manipulating symbolic rewards is known as ____ power |
Normative |
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Prisons seem to function more ___ now than they have in the past |
effectively |
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____ is a management principle holding that a subordinate should report to only one supervisor |
unity of comand |
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Serious violations can earn a prisoners a ____; a disciplinary report forwarded to a higher authority for action |
ticket |
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____ power is a way of gaining compliance in exchange for material resources |
remunerative |
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3 characteristics that underlie prison behavior |
-age -race -attitudes |
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Custodial force has graded ranks similar to |
the military |
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Receiving a verbal reprimand as a consequence for breaking an institution rule is an example of a |
minor violation |
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the goals of the ___ model are to "punish offenders - fairly and justly - through lengths of confinement proportionate to the gravity of the offense." |
confinement |
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philosophy that tolerates minor infractions and allows inmate leadership; grant and deny privileges to gain compliance of inmates |
inmate balance theory |
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Correction officers must be at least ___ of age |
18-21 |
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Prison disorder, riots, staff murders, escapes, and inmate homicides are ____ today than in the 1970s and 80s |
more rare |
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Obedience to an order |
compliance |
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___ therapy emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and their consequences |
reality |
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Research shows that ___ sexual abuse is linked to HIV/AIDS risk-taking behavior among female prisoners |
childhood |
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____ activity among men is one way that HIV is transmitted in prison populations |
unprotected sexual |
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older prisoners make up a ___ portion of the total inmate population |
small |
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the availability and type of mental health treatment programs ___ from one prison to the next |
differ |
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Those serving at least 20 years |
long term offender |
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Transgender offenders enter prison with a disproportionate amount of (3) |
- substance abuse problems - past physical and sexual victimization - mental health issues |
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Rate of confirmed AIDS cases found in US state and federal prisons is ____ times higher than the rate found in the total US population |
2.5 |
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Due to the rising US health costs, the increasing number of ____ offenders may become a major problem for corrections within the next decade |
elderly |
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3 main principles to follow with long-term inmates |
- create opportunities for meaningful living - maximize opportunities for the inmate to exercise choice in living circumstances - help the inmate maintain contact with the outside world |
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High risk behaviors that prisoners engage in (3) |
-IV drug use -needle sharing -unprotected sex |
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___ % of jail and prison population have symptoms or history of mental health problems |
56% |
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Aim of cognitive approach is: |
teach offenders new ways to think about themselves and their actions |
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Prisons in the US all have ___ testing services for HIV |
different |
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Mental illness ___ by race, gender, and age |
differs |
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Long term inmates are ____ than those sentenced during the "get tough" era |
more youthful |
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In prison an offender's life may be ___ with better medical care |
prolonged |
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Administrators believe as much as possible that elderly should: |
remain in the general population but with special accommodations |
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Emphasizes solidarity of inmates against prison staff |
inmate code |
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knowledge of ___ helps us understand inmate society |
prison subculture |
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role of ___ : view prison as brief but inevitable break in incarceration career (career criminal) |
"doing time" |
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role of ___: often have mental health issues, manipulated, adjust poorly, don't fit in other 3 adaptive roles) |
"disorganized criminal" |
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Adaptive roles of inmates (4): |
- doing time - gleaning - jailing - disorganized criminal |
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inmates can buy a limited number of items in exchange for credits against their accounts |
commissary |
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women are considered the ___ offenders |
forgotten |
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women generally receive ___ sentences than men |
shorter |
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women are ____ to programs than men |
more responsive |
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women are ____ with status among inmate population than men |
less concerned |
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Sexual misconduct could be: |
- touching - threats - exposure |
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More female inmates live with ___ prior to incarceration than men |
their children |
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One of the largest concerns for incarcerated women is the ___ of their children |
fate |
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___ are any formal structured activity that take prisoners out of their cells and perform personal tasks |
prisoner programs |
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___ process by which inmates could be grouped according to custody requirements and program needs |
classification |
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with classification, _____ can then created to meet those requirements |
programs |
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prison purchases machinery and raw materials leads to inmates manufacturing products |
Public Account System |
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most controversial of all prison-based products |
rehabilitative programs |
