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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is interpersonal communication |
Interactional process by which a person sends a message to another person |
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What are the elements involved in Interpersonal communication? |
Sender= person delivering message Receiver= Recipient of a message Message: info sent or received - must be ENCODED (TRANSFORMED) -must be DECODED (TRANSLATED) Channel= sensory modalities involved in receiving message Noise= Anythin interfering with transmission of mesasge Context= Environment where communication is occuring |
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What is Nonverbal Behaviour |
the way people communicate intentionally or unintentionally, without words |
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What are examples of Nonverbal cues? |
- facial expressions - tone of voice - Gestures - Interpersonal distance - Body position/movement - Use of touch - Eye contact |
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What % of the messages we convey to each other non-verbal? |
93% |
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Nonverbal communication is multi-channeled |
multi-channeled= typically involved multiple sensory modalities - see - feel - hear -SPEECH INVOLVES ONLY 1 MODALITY |
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Non-verbal communication is Ambiguous? |
- Doing the same thing can have multiple meanings - example eyebrow raising |
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Non-verbal communication conveys emotion |
- you can express emotions without words Expressing anger - narrow your eyes -lower eyebrows - set your mouth in a thin, straight line Expressing romantic interest - smile - extended eye contact - touch other/ self |
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Non-verbal communication can contradict verbal messages |
- Eg. conveying sarcasm - When verbal and nonverbal cues directly conflict, perceives rely on nonverbal cues to interpret meaning |
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Nonverbal communication is culture bound |
- Different forms of non verbal communication vary from culture to culture - Eg. George H.W. Bush finger sign in australia - Eg. hand gestures ok sign (emblems) |
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What is personal space (Proxemics) |
Personal space - zone of space around you that you |
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size of personal space varies by culture |
Low= Latin america, Middle East Medium= Canada, US High= Norther Europe |
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size of personal space varies by relationship |
Zone 1 (0-18") = Family members, partners Zone 2 (4"-18")= Close friends Zone 3 (4"- 12") = Co-workers, friends Zone 4 (12"+)= Total strangers |
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size of personal space varies by Status |
- People of similar status tend to stand closer together - Personal distance generally determined by person of status Invasions of personal space produce discomfort |
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Are facial expressions of emotion universal? |
YES, for the 6 MAJOR EMOTION EXPRESSIONS: - Happiness - Anger -Fear -Surprise -Disgust -Sadness |
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Do all people encode (express) the 6 major expressions in the same way? |
Yes, all people encode in the same way |
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Do all people decode (interpret) them in the same way? |
No - However all people can decode with high accuracy |
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What other emotions occur later in human development |
- Guilt - Shame - Embarrassment - and pride these emotions show less universality and are closely tied to social interaction |
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Is long duration of eye contact good or bad? why? |
Good - High levels correlated credibility (trustworthiness) and effective social skills Gaze communicates intensity - Creates positive feelings - Can also indicate negative feelings Reducing eye contact can be sign of respect ( lurking is bad) Cultural and gender differences exist |
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Body language (kinesics) |
Open vs closed body positions - relaxation vs status difference Leaning toward you vs angling body away - Interest and positivity vs defensiveness and negativity |
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Touch gender differences: Men |
For men - Touch asserts power or shows sexual interest |
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Touch gender differences: Women |
For women - Touch expresses affection or support |
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what is Paralanguage? |
Cues like intensity, speed, or rhythm of speech
- LOUD= ANGER - RAPID SPEECH= HAPPY, FRIGHTENED, OR NERVOUS - SLOW SPEECH,LOW VOLUME, LOW PITCH= SADNESS - HIGH PITCH= ANXIETY paralanguage can even be used in email/ msn - ALL CAPS |
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Cultural differences in Nonverbal behavior |
Display rules - Govern the otherwise-universal expression of emotion - cultural rules regarding when, to whom, and how emotion can be displayed Eg. - Men discouraged from showing emotion displays - Smiling and laughing typically encouraged in social situations not things such as funerals |
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Gender differences in Nonverbal behavior : Women compared to men |
Women compared to men - Better judges of others emotions - expressions of emotion that are easier to judge - Gaze at and are gazed at more often - smile more often - LESS ACCURATE AT DETECTING DECEPTION |
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What are some things we tend to think are signs of deception but DO NOT RELATE TO LYING? |
Not relation to: - Talking speed (e.g, talking more slowly) - Number of pauses (e.g., pausing more) - Amount of posture shifting (e.g., being "shifty") - Amount of eye contact ( e.g., less) |
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What are RELIABLE INDICATORS of lying |
- voice pitch increases when lying - eye blinks increase when lying - people say less when lying - people touch themselves more when lying - tension increases when lying - less unusual content provided when lying NO ONE NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR ASSOCIATED PERFECTLY WITH LYING, AND LIES CAN BE TOLD SUCCESSFULLY WITHOUT THESE BEHAVIOURS |
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What things can you do to become a more effective communicator? |
- create a positive communication environment |
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Positive communicative environment : Empathy |
- put yourself in others shoes - be accepting of others and their needs and feelings -DOES NOT MEAN YOU HAVE TO AGREE WITH WHAT THEY ARE TELLING YOU |
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Positive communicative environment : Withhold judgment
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- people dont always want your opinion - Sometimes they just want you to listen |
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Positive communicative environment : Strive for honesty
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- approach others as equals - nobody likes to talk to someone who is condescending - Dont be needlessly hurtful or have hidden agenda |
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Positive communicative environment : Express your views tentatively |
- express your views but dont be a know it all - Make it clear that it is just your opinion |
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Effective listening: Signaling interest |
- face towards person and lean in - DO NOT CROSS ARMS/ LEGS - Maintain eye contact - Nod head, raise eyebrows |
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Effective listening : Active listening |
- attend and process info - listen BEFORE responding - Seek clarification - Paraphrase/ repeat (content and feelings) |
