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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rules for reaching decisions about particular types of situations
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standard operating procedures (SOPs)
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an agent in world politics (usually a sovereign state) assumed to be internally united, so that changes in its internal circumstances do not influence its foreign policy as much as do the decisions that actor's leaders make to cope with changes in its global environment
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unitary actor
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individual players trying to shape policies according to their own interests (applied to unitary model of government)
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pulling and hauling games
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governmental politics model; different games to determine structure and rules of government behavior
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governmental politics games
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a set of interrelated propositions that explains an observed regularity
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theory
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the concept that a good theory can be proven wrong: it indicates what evidence would refute its claims
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falsifiability
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the concept that a good theory simplifies reality: it focuses on an important phenomenon and contains all of the factors relevant for explaining it without becoming excessively complex
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parsimony
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the concept that a good theory is clearly framed: its concepts are precisely defined, cause and effect relationships governing observed patterns are adequately specified, and the argument underpinning those hypothesized relationships are logically coherent
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clarity
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What is the common denominator between theory, falsifiability, parsimony, and clarity?
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These terms all look at how a good theory of international relations is determined. The quality of a theory is determined by the criteria of falsifiability, parsimony, and clarity
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theory that views the nation-state as the most important actor on the world stage since it answers to no higher power or political authority; depicts world politics as a ceaseless, repetitive struggle for power
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realism
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this theory stresses a belief in reason and the possibility of progress; emphasize the ethical principle over the pursuit of power, and institutions over military capabilities; struggle at international level is more of a struggle for consensus and mutual gain than a struggle for power and prestige
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liberalism
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central problem - the division in wealth and power between the global north and the global south
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world inequalities
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a concept that depends on the underlying structure of shared knowledge; a socially-constructed term that is simply what states make of them
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anarchy
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What do the terms realism, liberalism, world inequalities, and anarchy have in common?
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These terms deal with global issues and different ways in which the world responds to them.
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levels of analysis
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system
international national group individual (IGNIS) |
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all transnationally active groups other than states, such as international organizations whose members are states and nongovernmental organizations whose members are individuals and private groups from more than one state
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nonstate actors
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the psychological tendency to deny or rationalize away discrepancies between one's preexisting beliefs and new information
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cognitive dissonance
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mistaken notion such as
1) diabolical enemy image 2) moral self image 3) virile self image 4) military overconfidence 5) black top imagery |
misperception
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process of making rational decisions with the following functions:
1) scanning 2) coding 3) transmission 4) storage/recall 5) recognizing actions 6) decision-making |
imaginary ideal machine for making policy
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concept that opponents tend to share equally distorted images of each other
opponents tend to view themselves as virtuous and the opponent as without virtue |
mirror images
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What is common about the terms of cognitive complexity, misperception, imaginary ideal machine for making policy, and mirror images?
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These terms all relate to the fact that policy decision-making in foreign relations is imperfect; there are several things, such as the concepts listed, that affect states of making perfectly rational courses of action
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the tendency for decision makers to choose the first available alternative that meets minimally acceptable standards
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satisficing
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a behavioral decision theory that contends decision makers assess policy options in comparison to a reference point and that they take greater risks to prevent losses than to achieve gains
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prospect theory
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a propensity for members of small, cohesive groups to accept the group's prevailing attitudes in the interest of group harmony, rather than speak out for what they believe
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groupthink
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importance attached to a decision, usually resulting in a quick decision (such as satisficing)
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stress
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What do the terms satisficing, prospect theory, groupthink, and stress have in common?
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These terms are all different forms that irrational decision-making occurs.
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war and security in regards to realist theory
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central problem
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the distribution of power into systems such as unipolar, biopolar, or multipolar
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power concentration
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active group that plays a role in international relations
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actor
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layering over old problems, differentiation between masses and the decision makers (where the decision makers are seen as the bad people)
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black top imagery
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concept where a state sees the enemy as evil
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diabolical enemy image
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concept that a state thinks it has more military capability than it does
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military overconfidence
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What do the terms black top, diabolical enemy, and military overconfidence have in common?
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They are all leading misconceptions of states
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central issue regarding realist theory
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war and security
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central issues regarding liberalist theory
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change and cooperation
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central issue regarding constructivist theory
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ideas
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What do the terms war and security, change, cooperation, and ideas have in common?
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They are all the central issues regarding different theories of international relations.
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a set of interconnected parts that function as a unitary whole. in world politics, the parts consist primarily of states, corporations, and other organizations that interact in the global system
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system
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set of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures agreed to by a group of states to guide their behavior in particular issue areas
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international regimes
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generalized standards of behavior that embody collective expectations about appropriate conduct
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norms
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What do the terms system, nonstate actors, international regime, and norms have in common?
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They all refer to different ways in which in which groups have attempted to standardize international relations and policy.
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the tendency to emphasize situational factors when explaining one's own behavior while stressing dispositional factors when explaining the same behavior in others
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attribution bias
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the process by which new information is interpreted by comparing it to generic concepts stored in memory about certain stereotypical situations, sequences of events, and characters
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schematic reasoning
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What do the terms attribution bias, cognitive dissonance, mirror image, and schematic reasoning have in common?
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They have to do with different ways that actors tend to simplify their view of the world and look for information that reinforces their preexisting beliefs about the world
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the principle that in anarchy actors must rely on themselves
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self-help
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a situation in which what one side wins, the other side loses
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zero-sum games
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conditions in which all participants in exchanges become better off
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absolute gains
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a measure of how much one side in an agreement benefits in comparison to the other's side
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relative gains
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What do the terms self help, zero-sum games, absolute gains, and relative gains have in common?
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They have to do with the different beliefs of the two major belief systems regarding international relations - realist and liberalist
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What is regional-global distinction?
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a variation on the level of analysis that looks at interests of regions versus those of the world as a whole
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What is empirical-normative distinction?
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"empiral" refers to the way things work, where as "normative" refers to how things should work ideally
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Describe historical script
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the way different political frameworks view the history of international relations
ex. realists believe that history has always been the same, whereas liberalists argue that the world is progressing |
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What do the terms central problem, historical script, power concentration, and actors have in common?
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These terms describe key parts and differences to each political framework
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