Infancy Ch 1 Lecture Notes

Front 1

The word infant comes from Latin, meaning ______________.

Back 1

Without language

Front 2

In terms of age, infancy means __________.

Back 2

From birth until about 1 yrs old

Front 3

Development = ____________

Back 3

Change

Front 4

Change = ____________

Back 4

Alteration in structure or process

Front 5

What are the 3 types of change?

Back 5

Temporary, unexpected and developmental

Front 6

What is the most common type of change?

Back 6

Temporary

Front 7

We assume ___________ change does not cause any permanent change in child’s growth or wellbeing

Back 7

Temporary

Front 8

What is an example of unexpected change?

Back 8

Head injury causing brain damage

Front 9

___________ change is NOT considered development and is simply just a change.

Back 9

Unexpected

Front 10

________ change means that the alteration is orderly, we know when it’s going to happen.

Back 10

Developmental

Front 11

________ change lasts a reasonable amount of time, it’s is not reversible (permanent) and usually the new state is judged to be more desirable than the one that is vanishing

Back 11

Developmental

Front 12

_________ change is better organized, more complex and efficient (in other words, orderly, permanent, better)

Back 12

Developmental

Front 13

Before the 17th century, infants were looked at as _________ creatures.

Back 13

Inferior

Front 14

Many cultures practiced infanticide (killing of infants), often killed by being left to the elements, dying of exposure or start action, during what time period?

Back 14

Before the 17th century

Front 15

During the 1800s, the stage of infancy began to be seen as _______ and ________ stage of life.

Back 15

Separate and important

Front 16

True or false: in the 1800s infants’ rights were protected by the state

Back 16

True

Front 17

More concern for the development of infants formed and they became beloved members of the family during which century?

Back 17

1900s

Front 18

True or false: some historians believe child rearing practices have not changed dramatically throughout the century

Back 18

True

Front 19

True or false: some historians believe babies have always been thought of as an important member of the family & while yes infanticide happened, it still happens in today’s world making it still the same as previous centuries

Back 19

True

Front 20

True or false: History and culture does NOT greatly influence the way we raise our infants

Back 20

False, history and culture GREATLY influence the way we raise infants

Front 21

Is there an intuitive way of taking care of a baby?

Back 21

No, it is a learned behavior

Front 22

True or false: each generation of parents holds the SAME set of beliefs regarding care of infants

Back 22

False, each generation of parents holds a set of beliefs regarding the care of infants

Front 23

Does a parents stage of development affect the way they respond to their infant?

Back 23

Yes, for instance a 35 yr old woman will respond to her baby differently than a 16 yr old mother would

Front 24

What are important issues in development? 4 concepts

Back 24

1. Nature vs nurture?

2. Continuous or discontinuous?

3. Early or later experience?

4. University or diversity?

Front 25

A ______ is a statement based on observation with which many people would agree

Back 25

Fact

Front 26

_______ is an organized set of ideas & attempts to organize and explain facts

Back 26

Theory

Front 27

_______ guides research and helps us determine what type of intervention strategies we should use

Back 27

Theory

Front 28

What are 3 things that theories help us do?

Back 28

1. Help us see things we might not see

2. Helps us focus in on things

3. Helps us pay more attention

Front 29

What is a down side to theories?

Back 29

They might limit our scope and keep us from seeing things

Front 30

Should a theory reflect the real world?

Back 30

Yes

Front 31

True or false: A theory does not need to be clearly stated

Back 31

False, it should be clearly stated

Front 32

True or false: A theory should explain and predict

Back 32

True

Front 33

True or false: a theory does not need to provide practical guidance

Back 33

False, it should provide practical guidance

Front 34

True or false: a theory should be internally consistent

Back 34

True

Front 35

T or F: a theory does not need to be economical

Back 35

False, it should be economical

Front 36

T or F: a theory should not be falsifiable

Back 36

False, it should be falsifiable

Front 37

Should a theory have convincing evidence?

Back 37

Yes

Front 38

Does a theory accommodate new information ?

Back 38

Yes

Front 39

T or F: A theory should not provide a a new view

Back 39

False, a theory should provide a new view

Front 40

T or F: A theory should be reasonable

Back 40

True

Front 41

Should a theory stimulate new research?

Back 41

Yes

Front 42

T or F: A good theory does not have followers

Back 42

False, a good theory should have followers

Front 43

T or F: a good theory is satisfying

Back 43

True

Front 44

Piaget studied ______theory

Back 44

Cognitive

Front 45

Bandura (modeling) theory is a part of what grand theory?

Back 45

Social learning

Front 46

Piagets stages of development for cognitive theory were _______ ( 4 answers)

Back 46

1. Sensorimotor stage

2. Pre-operational

3. Concrete operations

4. Formal operations

Front 47

Cognitive equilibrium involves what 2 concepts

Back 47

1. Assimilation (incorporate into existing ideas)

2. Accommodation (changes ideas)

Front 48

Which two theorists worked with psychoanalytic theory?

Back 48

Freud and Erickson

Front 49

Freud discovered that personality development took place in 5 psycho sexual stages, those being….

Back 49

1. Oral

2. Anal

3. Phallic

4. Latency

5. Genital

Front 50

Psychoanalytic theory involves development determined by __________ motives and ________.

Back 50

Unconscious & drive

Front 51

Which two theorists worked with behaviorism?

Back 51

Pavlov and Skinner

Front 52

Pavlov specialized in ________?

Back 52

Classical conditioning

Front 53

Classical conditioning associates _______.

Back 53

One item with another

Front 54

The concept of behaviorism is …

Back 54

Observable behavior is all that matters

Front 55

Skinner specialized in ______.

Back 55

Operant conditioning

Front 56

Operant conditioning involves which 2 things?

Back 56

1. Reward

2. Punishment

Front 57

Theories of development are referred to as

Back 57

Sociocultural

Front 58

Sociocultural entails…

Back 58

Behavior cannot be understood without the context (culture)

Front 59

Which theory is best for explaining human development?

Back 59

All of them - we can’t have one single theory explain every aspect of infant and child growth

Front 60

Assumptions are….

Back 60

When we suppose something to be true but we do not have proof

Front 61

Where do assumptions about children come from?

Back 61

Word of mouth, personal experience, expert opinion, research evidence

Front 62

Research evidence is obtained using _______ methods of measurement

Back 62

Valid and viable

Front 63

T or F: a common assumption of infant care is that babies need a family

Back 63

True

Front 64

T or F: Babies learn early

Back 64

True

Front 65

T or F: babies are constantly learning from early until late in life

Back 65

True

Front 66

T or F : babies do not have a self-righting tendency

Back 66

False, babies tend to have a way of fixing themselves or mistakes to a certain degree

Front 67

T or F: many factors work together to determine how an infant develops

Back 67

True

Front 68

True or False: interrelating means a baby of any age is a complex person of many abilities that cannot separate from each other

Back 68

True

Front 69

True or false: we may have to make different assumptions as we get to know more

Back 69

True

Front 70

Research is not ___ ____ with infants and things do not always go as expected

Back 70

Always easy

Front 71

How many major difficulties are there with infant research?

Back 71

5

Front 72

What are the 5 difficulties with infant research?

Back 72

1. Predictability

2. Few subjects

3. Sampling

4. Access

5. Ethics

Front 73

What are 5 considerations of ethics?

Back 73

1. Suitability

2. Confidentiality

3. Debriefing

4. Institutional review board (IRB)

5. 3rd World countries

Front 74

We learn cause and effect only through ________

Back 74

Experiments

Front 75

If random assignment is used it is what type of experiment?

Back 75

Randomized or True experiment

Front 76

If there is a control group or multiple measures, what type of experiment is it?

Back 76

Quasi-experiment

Front 77

If there is no random assignment, control group or multiple measures is it an experiment?

Back 77

No, it is a non-experiment

Front 78

How many variables are in a manipulated experiment and what are they?

Back 78

Two , the independent variable and the dependent variable

Front 79

Experiments can be done in the _____ or in a _______ setting.

Back 79

Field , laboratory

Front 80

T or F: infants may not respond naturally in a lab setting unlike at home (in the field) in their crib

Back 80

True

Front 81

True or False: non-experiments are worse than true or quasi experiments

Back 81

False, they are not worse, just different

Front 82

Methods of non experiments are (3 answers)

Back 82

1. Case studies

2. Surveys

3. Observations

Front 83

________observations involve structure

Back 83

Systemic

Front 84

______ observations involve doing something such as sitting in a corner somewhere observing or writing baby diaries like they did in the 1800s

Back 84

Nature

Front 85

Correlation also means

Back 85

You take two things and see if they relate to each other

Front 86

An example of ________ correlation would mean that you would see an increase in activity based on the study

Back 86

Positive

Front 87

A _______ correlation would be if you saw a decrease in activity based on the study

Back 87

Negative

Front 88

Can there be no correlation in a study?

Back 88

Yes you can have no correlation and there be no relation between the two things

Front 89

Is .2 a strong correlation?

Back 89

No you want the number to be higher than .5 or .6

Front 90

Is .9 considered a good correlation?

Back 90

Yes

Front 91

T or F: causation does not equal correlation

Back 91

True

Front 92

In a _____ experiment the subjects experience a real life or natural change to their environment

Back 92

Natural (Quasi)

Front 93

A _________ study, you observe people of one group repeatedly over time so you can look at long term effects

Back 93

Longitudinal

Front 94

T or F: a con of longitudinal studies is that it is hard to keep up with subjects of the research study if it goes on for a long time

Back 94

True

Front 95

Designs that help us look at things across ages and observe people at different ages are called ______

Back 95

Cross sectional design

Front 96

T or F: a pro of cross sectional studies is that they are usually faster and more efficient than a longitudinal study

Back 96

True

Front 97

A ______ design is meant to overcome the weakness of longitudinal and cross sectional design by combining the two

Back 97

Sequential

Front 98

During a ________ design, you observe people repeatedly over time and you can see trends soon and true cohort effects

Back 98

Sequential