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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Barriers for Innate Immune Response
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1. anatomic/physical (skin)
2. Physiologic- tem, pH, chem mediators (complement), lysozyme, nzms, defensins 3. Phagocytic- neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, NK cells 4. Imflam barrier- vasodilation, inc perm, and promotes influx of phagocytic cells |
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Cytokines for local inflamm response
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IL-1
TNF-alpha IL-6 |
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Adaptive immunity
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takes 6-7 days
Bcells, Tcells, and APCs deals with intra or extracellular pathoges Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity |
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Humoral Immunity
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Th and Bcells and Abs
deals with EXTRAcellular microbes, parasites, and toxins Abs are effector molecule of Humoral response Th-->Bcells-->Abs |
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
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effector is a cell and is a T-cell
deals with Virally infected cells or intracell bacteria Th-->Tc |
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how do you confer protective immunity?
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by transferring abs specific for pathogen
and transfer cells |
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2 types of protective immunity
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Active
Passive |
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Active Immunity infers what?
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specificity, memory, not immediate
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passive immunity is what?
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preformed
immediate specific NO memory |
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Agammaglobulinemia
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no B cells
no Abs treatment is to give them imbibable passive humoral immunity |
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how is specificity conferred?
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by T and Bcells express a UNIQUE Ag receptor on their surfaces
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how are unique Ag receptors made?
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via Gene Recombination
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what can a Bcell Ag be?
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ANY biomolecule
prot, RNA, DNA, CHO or a compb |
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what is the soluble Ag rec on Bcells?
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an Antibody molecule
(plasma cells) |
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what is Clonal Expansion?
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the process after the specific activation of one b cell when it produces multiple spec Abs
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fate of B cells
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1. die
2. Plasma cells--> Ab 3. Memory cell |
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how do memory B cells respond?
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with more affinity
greater specificity faster |
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what happens to Th cells when activated?
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become effector Cells and produce cytokines
cytokines are regulators of immune response |
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Th cell cytokines can do what?
are critical for what? |
induce inflammatory response
promote humoral response promote cell mediated response REGULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM specialization |
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exhibit discrimination of self
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both innate and adaptive
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how do you distinguish T cells?
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by their CD antigen/marker
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CD4+ T cells
CD8+ T cells |
Thelper cells, express MHC II
eat exogenous pathogens Tcytotoxic, express MHC I eat endogenous pathogens |
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T cell receptor is what (type of dimer)
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heterodimer
either alpha:beta (most) or gamma:delta (more unique) |
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T cell receptors recognize what?
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ONLY peptides in context of MHC I or II
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all cells in body express what?
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MHC Class I
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who are the generals of the adaptive immune system (besides cytokines)?
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CD4+ T helper Cells
recognize peptides derived from exogenous sources that are picked up from APCs |
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3 Types of APCs
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1. Macrophages
2. B-cells 3. Dendritic Cells |
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what do all the types of APCs have in common?
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they can express MHC class I
they can present endogenous peptides on MHC I they can also take up extracell prot and put them on class II |
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APCs are impt for presenting Ag to what?
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CD4+ T cells
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Types of Lymphoid Tissue
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Primary- dvlpt of lymphocytes
Secondary- activated Tertiary- form aggressive responses |
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Primary Lymphoid Tissue
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dvlp lymphocytes
uncommitted cells become lymphocytes Bone Marrow + Thymus |
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Adult Primary Lymphoid Tissues
Embryonic Primary Lymphoid Tissues |
Bone marrow and Thymus
Fetal Liver and Spleen |
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Secondary lymphoid tissue
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regional sites to encourage interactions b/w Ag, APCs, and Ag responsive cells
Activate and coordinate IR Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Peyer's Patches, Tonsils/Adenoids |
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Tertiary
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can form aggressive IR
ie- inflamed joints |
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endotoxin
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lipid/cho combination that is not present in mammalian cells
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PAMPs
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pathogen associated molecular patterns
ie- endotoxin Recognized by innate IS |
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Innate IS
Adaptive IS |
hardwired response. coded in DNA/germline
uses somatic rearrangement and recombination |
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Toll-Like Receptors
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recognize many of the molecular patterns of PAMPs
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where do B and T cells encounter Ag?
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in the Secondary Lymph tissue
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how long does it take naive Adaptive cells to get activated?
Memory cells? |
5-7days
1-2 days |
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methylated DNA?
unmethylated DNA? |
humans/mammals
non-human. recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
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HSCs have 2 fates:
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1. Lymphoid Progenitor
2. Myeloid Progenitor |
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Lymphoid Progenitor gives rise to
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1. NK cells
2. Tcells 3. Bcells (4. 1 kind of dendritic cell) |
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Myeloid Progenitors give rise to
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1. Most dendritic cells
2. Granulocyte cells 3. Phagocytic cells monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils 4. Basophils 5. Mast cells (IgE) 6. Megakaryocytes 7. Erythroid Progenitor |
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common progenitors
committed progen |
myeloid and lymphoid
ie-eosinophil progen, erythroid progen |
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Hematopoesis locations
gestation middle gestation end of gestation birth adult |
yolksac
liver and spleen bone marrow all the bones, incl. long bones adult=flat bones, pelvis, sternum, ribs, vertebra |
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stromal cells
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limited location in bone marrow. allow HSCs to differentiate
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specific Ag present on HSCs
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SCA-1
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BCL-2
Fas phophotidylserine |
inhibits apoptosis
stimulates apoptosis stimulates phagocytosis |
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the Ab a naive Bcell makes
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IgM
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what does Anexin-5 recognize?
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phosphtidylserine
for phagocytosis |
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CD3
CD4 CD8 CD35 |
T cells: both Th and Tc
Th Tc Bcells |
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size of macrophages
how big of particles can they phagocytize |
12um diameter
8-10um in diameter |
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Granulocytes
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1. Neutrophils- most common WBC
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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immature PMN nucleus
mature PMN nucleus active infection |
2-3 lobes
4-8 lobes less lobed |
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cytokine IL-5
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from same kind of Tcells that promote allergy responses
governs Eosinophil growth |
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parasitic infections
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IL-5, eosinophils, basophils
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mast cells are kind of like
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basophils
malignant=mastocytoma |
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Dendritic Cells
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99% from myeloid progenitor
present Ag to Tcells produce cytokines for Tcell dvlpt |
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Lymphoid progenitor Dendritic Cells
help make what |
1% of dendritic cells
make IL-4 and IL-5 Tcell become a Th cell to promote antiparasitic activity or allergy response |
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IL-12
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from monocyte derived dendritic cells
cell immune response to TB |
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Plasmoid derived dendritic cells
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make a lot of Interferon
for antiviral immunity |
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dvlpt of B cells
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occurs in bone marrow
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where are the stem cells located in the adult?
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right under the endostium in the bone marrow
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T cell development
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early- bone marrow
late- thymus |
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T cells cannot recognize....
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free Ag
must be on MHC I or II |
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MHC Class I
domains: |
CD8+Tc recognize it
a1,a2,a3 joined with Beta-2 microglobulin |
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Ag sits where in MHC I
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b/w Alpha-1 and Alpha-2
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MHC Class II
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CD4+Th recognize it
4 domains 2sep chains |
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what do CD4 and CD8 do?
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enhance binding b/w the Tcell and MHC
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where does CD8 bind MHC I?
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on the alpha-3 domain
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Tcell dvlpt includes 2 things
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1. recognize approp MHC
2. fails to recognize self |
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Stromal Cells in cortex of the Thymus express what for Tcell dvlpt?
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MHC molecules
(+) Selection |
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Medullary epithel cells of thymus express what for Tcell dvlpt?
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AIRE autoimmune reg gene
(-) Selection |
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what do Hassals Corpuscles in the Thymus represent?
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jxn of cortex and medulla
debis from Thymocytes that have undergone apoptosis |
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HEV
how much can they extract? |
immature lymph cells enter lymph tissue from circulation via high endothel venules
post capp venules 80% of incoming lcs |
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where do Tcells localize in lymph nodes?
bcells? interaction? |
paracortex
in follicles in junctional zone |
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what keeps the B and T cells separate in the lymph nodes?
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chemokines
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Germinal Center Reaction
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where the bcells after interaction in the junctional zone, go back to the follicles in lymph nodes and express abs
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adenoids
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pharyngeal tonsil. in the back of the pharynx behind the uvula in the nasopharynx area
provide early host defense against aerosolized microbes |
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Basal cells in the skin differentiate into
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Keratinocytes
Langerhan Cells (dendritic cells) |
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Langerhan cells highly express what MHC?
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MHC Class II
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Keratinocytes express what
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MHC I OR II
cytokines |
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what keeps Keratinocytes and LCs in contact?
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E-cadherin
activated LCs will break down Ecad |
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what chemokine do LCs upregulate when activated?
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CCR-7
CCR-7 recognizes chemokine in the linings of aff lymphatic vessels |
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LCs enter what?
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T-cell zone of lymph nodes and present Ag and initiate an immune response
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where does the afferent lymphatic empty in the lymph node?
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the subcapsular sinus
this sinus can trap free Ag. only allows Ag w/ MHC |
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path out of lymph nodes
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eff lymphatic, thoracic duct, left subclavian vein, re-enter circulation
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how long will immune cells reside in a lymph node?
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5-12 hours
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where do plasma cells go to proliferate further?
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the bone marrow. go back to marrow b/c of growth factor environment
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Tcells and Bcells further proliferate where?
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1. bone marrow (plasma cells)
2. Spleen- red pulp |
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white pulp
red pulp |
B/Tcell zone. embedded in red pulp
old RBCs, fibroblasts, stromal cells. good for plasma cell proliferation |
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gamma-delta T cell
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lives in epidermis. activated by spec Ags
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