Ielts Cambridge Vocabulary

Front 1

controversy

Back 1

/ˈkɑn·trəˌvɜr·si/ (noun)
a disagreement, often a public one, that involves different ideas or opinions about something
- Publication of the article unleashed a scientific controversy that raged for years.

Front 2

curriculum

Back 2

/kəˈrɪk·jə·ləm/ (noun)
all the courses given in a school, college, etc., or a particular course of study in one subject

Front 3

dissertation

Back 3

/ˌdɪs·ərˈteɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
long piece of writing on a particular subject, esp. one that is done for a Ph.D. (= high university degree)

Front 4

grant

Back 4

/grænt/ (noun)
a sum of money given by the government, a university, or a private organization to another organization or person for a special purpose:

Front 5

junior school

Back 5

a school for children who are 12 to 15 years old

Front 6

kindergarten

Back 6

/ˈkɪn·dərˌgɑrt·ən/ (noun)
a class for young children, usually children four and five years old, which is often the first year of formal education
- Callie will start kindergarten in September.

Front 7

nursery

Back 7

/ˈnɜr·sər·i/ (noun)
a place where young children and babies are cared for while their parents are somewhere else

Front 8

primary school

Back 8

a school that provides the first part of a child's education, usually for children between five and eleven years old

Front 9

scope

Back 9

/skoʊp/
the range of matters considered or dealt with
- We are going to widen the scope of the investigation.

Front 10

secondary school

Back 10

a high school

Front 11

syllabus

Back 11

/ˈsɪl·ə·bəs/ (noun)
a plan showing the subjects or books to be studied in a particular course

Front 12

eligible

Back 12

/ˈel·ɪ·dʒə·bəl/ (adjective)
having the necessary qualities or fulfilling the necessary conditions
- You have to be employed six months to be eligible for medical benefits.

Front 13

relevant

Back 13

/ˈrel·ə·vənt/ (adjective)
related to a subject or to something happening or being discussed

Front 14

single sex

Back 14

describes a school that is for either girls or boys, but not both

Front 15

studious

Back 15

/ˈstud·i·əs/ (adjective)
liking to study
- She was a studious child who spent hours reading.

Front 16

work related

Back 16

connected with your work or job
- Employees are banned from using e-mail for anything that isn't work-related.

Front 17

adopt (an approach)

Back 17

/əˈdɑpt/ (verb)
to accept or begin to use something

Front 18

conduct

Back 18

/kənˈdʌkt/ (verb)
to organize and direct a particular activity
- The experiments were conducted by leading scientists.
To conduct people to a place is to walk there with them
- The usher conducted us to our seats.

Front 19

revise

Back 19

/rɪˈvɑɪz/ (verb)
to change or correct something, esp. a piece of writing:

Front 20

struggle

Back 20

/ˈstrʌg·əl/ (verb)
to work hard to do something
- We watched boys on skateboards struggle to keep their balance.

Front 21

aspect

Back 21

/ˈæs.pekt/ (noun)
one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.
- Which aspects of the job do you most enjoy?

Front 22

fulfillment

Back 22

/fʊlˈfɪl.mənt/ (noun)
when someone does something that is necessary or something that they have wanted or promised to do
- For many women, the fulfillment of family obligations prevents the furtherance of their career.

Front 23

insight

Back 23

/ˈɪn.saɪt/ (noun)
(the ability to have) a clear, deep and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated problem or situation
- It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relationships.

Front 24

leisure

Back 24

/ˈliː.ʒɚ/ (noun)
the time when you are not working or doing other duties
- Most people only have a limited amount of leisure time.

Front 25

optimist

Back 25

/ˈɒp.tɪ.mɪst/ (noun)
someone who always believes that good things will happen
- She's a born optimist (= someone who has always been optimistic)

Front 26

outlook

Back 26

/ˈaʊt.lʊk/ (noun)
the likely future situation
- The outlook for the economy is bleak.

Front 27

pessimist

Back 27

/ˈpes.ɪ.mɪst/ (noun)
emphasizing or thinking of the bad part of a situation rather than the good part, or the feeling that bad things are more likely to happen than good things
- There is now a mood of deepening pessimism about/over the economy.

Front 28

realist

Back 28

/ˈrɪə.lɪst/ (noun)
someone who hopes for or accepts only what seems possible or likely, and does not hope for or expect more

Front 29

risk taker

Back 29

someone who often takes risks:
- They are risk-takers who either make a lot of money or lose a lot.

Front 30

self-expression

Back 30

expression of your personality, emotions or ideas, especially through art, music or acting
- He regarded poetry as sentimental self-expression.

Front 31

sense

Back 31

/sent s/ (noun)
an ability to understand, recognize, value or react to something, especially any of the five physical abilities to see, hear, smell, taste and feel
a general feeling or understanding
- Did you get any sense of how they might react?

Front 32

intense

Back 32

/ɪnˈtent s/ (adjective)
extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
- He suddenly felt an intense pain in his back.

Front 33

materialistic

Back 33

/məˌtɪə.ri.əˈlɪs.tɪk/ (adjective)
believing that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life

Front 34

recreational

Back 34

/ˌrek.riˈeɪ.ʃən.əl/ (adjective)
(a way of) enjoying yourself when you are not working
- His favourite recreations are golf and playing Scrabble.

Front 35

appeal

Back 35

/əˈpiːl/ (verb)
when a lot of people are asked to give money, information or help
- The police have issued an appeal to the public to stay away from the centre of town at the weekend.

Front 36

motivate

Back 36

/ˈməʊ.tɪ.veɪt/ (verb)
to cause someone to behave in a particular way
- Like so many people, he's motivated by greed.

Front 37

lead a happy life

Back 37

lead a happy life

Front 38

live life on the edge

Back 38

live life on the edge

Front 39

live life to the full

Back 39

live life to the full

Front 40

set (a goal)

Back 40

set (a goal)

Front 41

take part (in)

Back 41

take part (in)

Front 42

work hard for a living

Back 42

work hard for a living

Front 43

all walks of life

Back 43

all walks of life

Front 44

cost of living

Back 44

cost of living

Front 45

lifelong ambition

Back 45

lifelong ambition

Front 46

once in a lifetime opportunity

Back 46

once in a lifetime opportunity

Front 47

standard of living

Back 47

standard of living

Front 48

way of life

Back 48

way of life

Front 49

allergy

Back 49

/ˈæl.ə.dʒi/ (noun)
a condition that makes a person become ill or develop skin or breathing problems because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances

Front 50

anxiety

Back 50

/æŋˈzaɪ.ə.ti/ (noun)
an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future
something that causes a feeling of fear and worry

Front 51

appetite

Back 51

/ˈæp.ɪ.taɪt/ (noun)
when you want to eat food
- I won't have any chocolate, thanks. It will spoil (= reduce) my appetite.

Front 52

artery

Back 52

/ˈɑː.tər.i/ (noun)
one of the thick tubes that carry blood from the heart to other parts of the body
- Hardening of the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack.

Front 53

asset

Back 53

/ˈæs.et/ (noun)
a useful or valuable quality, skill or person
- Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature).
something valuable belonging to a person or organization which can be used for the payment of debts
- A company's assets can consist of cash, investments, buildings, machinery, specialist knowledge or copyright material such as music or computer software.

Front 54

craving

Back 54

/ˈkreɪ.vɪŋ/ (noun)
a strong or uncontrollable want
I have a craving for chocolate.

Front 55

depression

Back 55

/dɪˈpreʃ.ən/ (noun)
the state of feeling very unhappy and without hope for the future
a mental illness in which a person is very unhappy and anxious (= worried and nervous) for long periods and cannot have a normal life during these periods

Front 56

dietician

Back 56

/ˌdaɪ.əˈtɪʃ.ən/ (noun)
a person who scientifically studies, and gives advice about, food and eating

Front 57

disorder

Back 57

/dɪˈsɔː.dər / (noun)
a state of untidiness or lack of organization
- The whole office was in a state of disorder.

Front 58

ingredient

Back 58

/ɪnˈgriː.di.ənt/ (noun)
a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish
- The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds.
one of the parts of something successful
- Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage.

Front 59

insomnia

Back 59

/ɪnˈsɒm.ni.ə/ (noun)
when someone is unable to sleep, over a period of time
- Holly suffered from insomnia for months after her daughter was born.

Front 60

intake

Back 60

/ˈɪn.teɪk/ (noun)
an act of taking in something, especially breath
- I heard a sharp intake of breath behind me.

Front 61

nutrient

Back 61

/ˈnjuː.tri.ənt/ (noun)
any substance which plants or animals need in order to live and grow

Front 62

obesity

Back 62

/əʊ ˈbiː.sɪ.ti/ (noun)
extremely fat
- A diet that is high in fat can lead to obesity.

Front 63

diet

Back 63

/ˈdaɪ.ət/ (noun)
the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a person or group
when someone eats less food, or only particular types of food, because they want to become thinner or for medical reasons
a particular type of thing that you experience or do regularly, or a limited range of activities

Front 64

onset

Back 64

/ˈɒn.set/ (noun)
the moment at which something unpleasant begins
- The new treatment can delay the onset of the disease by several years.

Front 65

portion

Back 65

/ˈpɔː.ʃən/ (noun)
a part or share of something larger
the amount of a particular food that is served to one person, especially in a restaurant or a shop which sells food ready to be eaten
- The portions are very generous in this restaurant.

Front 66

stroke

Back 66

/stroʊk/ (noun)
a sudden change in the blood supply to a part of the brain, which can cause a loss of the ability to move particular parts of the body
- She suffered/had a stroke which left her unable to speak.

Front 67

therapy

Back 67

/ˈθer.ə.pi/ (noun)
a treatment which helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illness

Front 68

acute

Back 68

/əˈkjuːt/ (adjective)
If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage
- She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behavior.
An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe

Front 69

alternate

Back 69

/ˈɒl.tə.neɪt/ (adjective)
to happen or exist one after the other repeatedly
- She alternated between cheerfulness and deep despair.
to make something happen or exist one after the other repeatedly
- He alternated working in the office with long tours overseas.

Front 70

brisk

Back 70

/brɪsk/ (adjective)
quick, energetic and active
- He set a brisk pace and we struggled to keep up.
- Her tone on the telephone was brisk (= she spoke quickly and used few words) and businesslike.

Front 71

chronic

Back 71

/ˈkrɒn.ɪk/ (adjective)
(especially of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time

Front 72

infectious

Back 72

/ɪnˈfek.ʃəs/
able to pass a disease from one person, animal or plant to another

Front 73

persistent

Back 73

/pəˈsɪs.tənt/ (adjective)
lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of
- Symptoms of the illness include a high temperature and a persistent dry cough.
Someone who is persistent continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way
- She is a persistent offender and has been arrested five times this year for shoplifting.

Front 74

vital

Back 74

/ˈvaɪ.təl/ (adjective)
necessary for the success or continued existence of something; extremely important
- A strong opposition is vital to a healthy democracy.

Front 75

counteract

Back 75

/ˌkaʊn.təˈrækt/ (verb)
to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect
- Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather.

Front 76

curb

Back 76

/kɜːb/ (verb)
to control or limit something that is not wanted
- The Government should act to curb tax evasion.

Front 77

diminish

Back 77

/dɪˈmɪn.ɪʃ/ (verb)
to reduce or be reduced in size or importance
- I don't want to diminish her achievements, but she did have a lot of help.

Front 78

disrupt

Back 78

/dɪsˈrʌpt/ (verb)
to prevent something, especially a system, process or event, from continuing as usual or as expected
- A heavy fall of snow had disrupted the city's transport system.

Front 79

stimulate

Back 79

/ˈstɪm.jʊ.leɪt/ (verb)
to encourage something to grow, develop or become active
to cause part of the body to operate

Front 80

trigger

Back 80

/ˈtrɪg.ər/ (verb)
to cause something bad to start
- Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.

Front 81

adolescent

Back 81

/ˌæd.əˈles.ənt/ (noun)
a young person who is developing into an adult

Front 82

consequence

Back 82

/ˈkɒnt .sɪ.kwənt s/ (noun)
a result of a particular action or situation, often one which is bad or not convenient

Front 83

gesture

Back 83

/ˈdʒes.tʃər / (noun)
a movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling

Front 84

infancy

Back 84

/ˈɪn.fənt .si/ (noun)
the time when someone is a baby or a very young child

Front 85

infant

Back 85

/ˈɪn.fənt/ (noun)
a baby or a very young child

Front 86

knowledge

Back 86

/ˈnɒlɪdʒ/ (noun)
facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education

Front 87

maturity

Back 87

/məˈtjʊə.rɪ.ti/ (noun)
the quality of behaving mentally and emotionally like an adult
a very advanced or developed form or state

Front 88

milestone

Back 88

/ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/ (noun)
a stone or post at the side of the road on which is printed the distance to various places, especially to the nearest large town

Front 89

peers

Back 89

/pɪər/ (noun)
a person who is the same age or has the same social position or the same abilities as other people in a group
- Do you think it's true that teenage girls are less self-confident than their male peers?

Front 90

phase

Back 90

/feɪz/ (noun)
any stage in a series of events or in a process of development
- The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's looking quite promising.

Front 91

toddler

Back 91

/ˈtɒd.lər/ (noun)
a young child, especially one who is learning or has recently learned to walk

Front 92

cognitive

Back 92

/ˈkɒg.nɪ.tɪv/ (adjective)
connected with thinking or conscious mental processes
- Some of her cognitive functions have been impaired.

Front 93

clumsy

Back 93

/ˈklʌm.zi/ (adjective)
awkward in movement or manner
describes someone who often has accidents because they do not behave in a careful, controlled way
- The first mobile phones were heavy and clumsy to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.
- That's the third glass you've smashed this week - you're so clumsy!

Front 94

fond

Back 94

/fɒnd/ (adjective)
having a great liking for someone or something
- She was very fond of horses.

Front 95

immature

Back 95

/ˌɪm.əˈtʃʊər/ (adjective)
not behaving in a way which is as calm and wise as people expect from someone of your age
- Stop being so silly and immature, Ben!
not experienced in a particular matter
not yet completely grown or developed

Front 96

irresponsible

Back 96

/ˌɪr.ɪˈspɒnt .sɪ.bl ̩/ (adjective)
not thinking carefully enough or not worrying about what might result from actions taken
- It's unlike you to behave so irresponsibly.

Front 97

mature

Back 97

/məˈtjʊər/ (adjective)
Mature people behave like adults in a way that shows they are well developed emotionally

Front 98

rebellious

Back 98

/rɪˈbel.i.əs/ (adjective)
If a group of people are rebellious, they oppose the ideas of the people in authority and plan to change the system, often using force
If someone is rebellious, they are difficult to control and do not behave in the way they are expected to
- Her teachers regard her as a rebellious, trouble-making girl.

Front 99

tolerant

Back 99

/ˈtɒl.ər.ənt/ (adjective)
willing to accept behavior and beliefs which are different from your own, although you might not agree with or approve of them
- The present government is even less tolerant of dissent.
On the continent people are more tolerant of children in public places.

Front 100

imitate

Back 100

/ˈɪm.ɪ.teɪt/ (verb)
to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech or behavior, etc. of someone or something
- Some of the younger pop bands try to imitate their musical heroes from the past.

Front 101

reminisce

Back 101

/ˌrem.ɪˈnɪs/ (verb)
to talk or write about past experiences which you remember with pleasure
My grandfather used to reminisce about his years in the navy.

Front 102

tantrum

Back 102

/ˈtæn.trəm/ (noun)
a sudden period of uncontrolled anger like a young child's
- Johnny had/threw a tantrum in the shop because I wouldn't buy him any sweets.

Front 103

typically

Back 103

/ˈtɪp.ɪ.kli/ (adverb)
in a way that shows all the characteristics that you would expect from the stated person, thing or group

Front 104

adolescence

Back 104

/ˌæd.əˈles.ənt s/ (noun)
the period of time in a person's life when they are developing into an adult

Front 105

adulthood

Back 105

/ˈæd.ʌlt.hʊd/ (noun)
the part of someone's life when they are an adult

Front 106

bond

Back 106

/bɑːnd/ (noun)
a close connection joining two or more people
- The bond(s) of friendship/love
- There has been a close bond between them ever since she saved him from drowning.
- In societies with strong family bonds (= relationships), people tend to live longer

Front 107

brotherhood

Back 107

/ˈbrʌð.ə.hʊd/ (n)
(the members of) a particular organization or (more generally) friendship and loyalty
- The various groups eventually fused into a single brotherhood.
- The ideal of the brotherhood of man (= where everyone loves each other) is still far from reality.

Front 108

fatherhood

Back 108

/ˈfɑː.ðə.hʊd/ (noun)
the state or time of being a father

Front 109

instinct

Back 109

/ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/ (noun)
the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it
- It is instinct that tells the birds when to begin their migration.

Front 110

interaction

Back 110

/ˌɪn.təˈræk.ʃən/ (noun)
when two or more people or things communicate with or react to each other
- There's not enough interaction between the management and the workers.

Front 111

motherhood

Back 111

/ˈmʌð.ə.hʊd/ (noun)
the state or time of being a mother

Front 112

resemblance

Back 112

/rɪˈzem.blənt s/ (noun)
when two people or things look like each other or are similar in some other way
- There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers.

Front 113

rivalry

Back 113

/ˈraɪ.vəl.ri/ (noun)
when people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing
- There's such rivalry among/between my three sons.

Front 114

sibling

Back 114

/ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/ (noun)
a brother or sister
I have four siblings: three brothers and a sister.

Front 115

temperament

Back 115

/ˈtem.pər.ə.mənt/ (noun)
the part of your character that affects your moods and the way you behave

Front 116

ties

Back 116

/taɪz/ (noun)
the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or special connections with places
- Family ties are weaker if you move a long way away.
- I no longer feel any ties with my home town.

Front 117

upbringing

Back 117

/ˈʌpˌbrɪŋ.ɪŋ/ (noun)
the way in which someone is treated and educated when they are young, especially by their parents, especially in relation to the effect which this has on how they behave and make moral decisions
- Is it right to say all the crimes he committed were simply the result of his upbringing?

Front 118

close-knit

Back 118

/ˌkləʊsˈnɪt/ (adjective)
describes a group of people in which everyone helps and supports each other

Front 119

maternal

Back 119

/məˈtɜː.nəl/ (adjective)
behaving or feeling in the way that a mother does towards her child, especially in a kind, loving way

Front 120

rewarding

Back 120

/rɪˈwɔː.dɪŋ/ (adjective)
giving a reward, especially by making you feel satisfied that you have done something important or useful, or done something well
- Textbook writing can be an intellectually and financially rewarding activity.

Front 121

accommodate

Back 121

/əˈkɒm.ə.deɪt/ (verb)
to provide with a place to live or to be stored in
- New students may be accommodated in halls of residence.

Front 122

adopt

Back 122

/əˈdɒpt/ (verb)
to take another person's child into your own family and legally look after him or her as your own child
- They have no children of their own, but they're hoping to adopt.

Front 123

break down

Back 123

/breɪk/ (verb)
to (cause something to) separate suddenly or violently into two or more pieces, or to (cause something to) stop working by being damaged

Front 124

endure

Back 124

/ɪnˈdjʊər / (verb)
to suffer something difficult, unpleasant or painful
- We had to endure a nine-hour delay at the airport.

Front 125

establish

Back 125

/ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/ (verb)
to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time

Front 126

have sth in common

Back 126

(verb)
to resemble one another in specific ways
- Bill and Bob both have red hair. They have that in common with each other.

Front 127

interact

Back 127

/ˌɪn.təˈrækt/ (verb)
to communicate with or react to

Front 128

nurture

Back 128

/ˈnɜː.tʃər/ (verb)
to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants, and help them to develop
- She wants to stay at home and nurture her children.
a carefully nurtured garden

Front 129

conjecture

Back 129

/kənˈdʒek·tʃər/ (noun)
an opinion or judgment that is not based on proof; a guess:
- What lay behind the decision is open to conjecture.

Front 130

dialect

Back 130

/ˈdɑɪ·əˌlekt/ (noun)
a form of a language that is spoken in a particular part of a country or by a particular group of people and that contains some words, grammar, or pronunciations (= the ways in which words are said) that are different from the forms used in other parts or by other groups

Front 131

linguist

Back 131

/ˈlɪŋ·gwɪst/ (noun)
someone who studies the structure and development of language, or someone who knows several languages

Front 132

linguistic

Back 132

/lɪŋˈgwɪs·tɪk/ (noun)
the study of the structure and development of language in general or of particular languages

Front 133

mother tongue

Back 133

(noun)
the first language that you learn when you are a baby, rather than a language learned at school or as an adult

Front 134

incoherent

Back 134

/ˌɪn·koʊˈhɪər·ənt/ (adjective)
not expressed in a way that can be understood, or not able to talk clearly:
He seemed dazed and incoherent, apparently from blood loss.

Front 135

inherent

Back 135

/ɪnˈhɪər·ənt/ (adjective)
existing as a natural and permanent quality of something or someone:
- The drug has certain inherent side effects.

Front 136

sophisticated

Back 136

/səˈfɪs.tɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ (adjective)
having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion
- He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated.
clever in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasks
- I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem.

Front 137

spontaneous

Back 137

/spɑnˈteɪ·ni·əs/ (adjective)
happening naturally, without planning or encouragement:

Front 138

clarify

Back 138

/ˈklær·əˌfɑɪ/ (verb)
to make something clearer or easier to understand:
- I hope this analysis will clarify the debate.

Front 139

comprehend

Back 139

/ˌkɑm·prəˈhend/ (verb)
to understand something completely:
- If you don't comprehend something, don't be afraid to seem dumb, just speak out.

Front 140

conclude

Back 140

/kənˈklud/ (verb)
to cause something to end, or to end:

Front 141

converse

Back 141

/ˈkɑn·vɜrs/ (verb)
the opposite:
However, the converse of this theory may also be true.

Front 142

distinguish

Back 142

/dɪˈstɪŋ·gwɪʃ/ (verb)
to recognize or understand the difference between two things, or to provide a quality that makes someone or something different or special:
- It's important to distinguish between scientific fact and fiction.

Front 143

fiction

Back 143

/ˈfɪk·ʃən/ (noun)
the type of book or story that is written about imaginary characters and events and does not describe real people or deal with facts, or a false report or statement that you pretend is true:

Front 144

emerge

Back 144

/ɪˈmɜrdʒ/ (verb)
to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something:
- The runway lights flashed on, and the first models emerged from behind the stage set.

Front 145

evolve

Back 145

/ɪˈvɔlv/ (verb)
to change or develop gradually:
- These countries are evolving toward more democratic societies.

Front 146

imply

Back 146

/ɪmˈplɑɪ/ (verb)
to suggest something without saying it directly, or to involve something as a necessary part or condition:
He implied (that) the error was mine.

Front 147

indicate

Back 147

/ˈɪn·dɪˌkeɪt/ (verb)
to show or signal a direction or warning, or to make something clear:
- These statistics might indicate quality problems.

Front 148

signify

Back 148

/ˈsɪg·nəˌfɑɪ/ (verb)
to mean something, or be a sign of:
- In this picture, red represents sulfur and green signifies hydrogen.

Front 149

state

Back 149

/steɪt/ (verb)
to express information clearly and carefully:
- His will states the property is to be sold.

Front 150

stutter

Back 150

/ˈstʌt̬·ər/ (verb)
to speak or say part of a word with difficulty, esp. by repeating it several times or by pausing before it:
- He doesn't normally stutter when he speaks.

Front 151

there is something to be said for

Back 151

said to mean that something has advantages
- There's a lot to be said for living alone.

Front 152

needless to say

Back 152

obviously:
Needless to say, because of the accident he won't be at work for a while.

Front 153

have a say

Back 153

be allowed to state a view, help to make the decision
- Only the investors will have a say in the price of the product.

Front 154

when all is said and done

Back 154

said when you are about to tell someone the most important fact they should remember in a situation
- When all is said and done, you can only do your best.

Front 155

having said that

Back 155

despite what has just been said
- He forgets most things, but having said that, he always remembers my birthday.

Front 156

to say the least

Back 156

to not describe something in the strongest way you could, often in order to be polite:
The dinner was not tasty, to say the least.

Front 157

you can say that again

Back 157

I completely agree with you:
"It's hot!" "You can say that again."

Front 158

that is (to say)

Back 158

said when you want to give further details or be more exact about something:
I'll meet you in the city, that is, I will if the trains are running.

Front 159

facility

Back 159

/fəˈsɪl·ɪ·t̬i/ (noun)
something such as a place, building, or equipment used for a particular purpose or activity:
- The new sports facility has a swimming pool.

Front 160

inhabitant

Back 160

/ɪnˈhæb·ɪ·t̬ənt/ (noun)
a person or animal living in a place

Front 161

itinerary

Back 161

/ɑɪˈtɪn·əˌrer·i/ (noun)
a detailed plan or route of a trip:
- We planned our itinerary several weeks before the trip.

Front 162

tourism

Back 162

/ˈtʊrˌɪz·əm/ (noun)
the business of providing services, such as transportation, places to stay, or entertainment, for tourists

Front 163

tourist

Back 163

/ˈtʊr·ɪst/ (noun)
a person who travels and visits places for pleasure and interest:
- Millions of tourists visit Rome every year.

Front 164

adventurous

Back 164

/ədˈven·tʃər·əs/ (adjective)
willing to try new, unusual, and exciting things:
- I'm pretty adventurous in cooking (= willing to try new and unusual things).

Front 165

breathtaking

Back 165

/ˈbreθˌteɪ·kɪŋ/ (adjective)
extremely good, beautiful, or exciting:
- The violin solo was breathtaking.

Front 166

coastal

Back 166

/ˈkoʊ·stəl/ (adjective)
near the coast:
- coastal waters

Front 167

cosmopolitan

Back 167

/ˌkɑz·məˈpɑl·ɪ·tən/ (adjective)
containing people and things from many different parts of the world, or having experience of many different places and things:
- a cosmopolitan city

Front 168

diverse

Back 168

/dɪˈvɜrs/ (adjective)
varied or different:

Front 169

picturesque

Back 169

/ˌpɪk·tʃəˈresk/ (adjective)
(esp. of a place) attractive in appearance:
- We strolled through the picturesque streets of the old city.

Front 170

quaint

Back 170

/kweɪnt/ (adjective)
attractive because of being unusual and esp. old-fashioned:
- In Spain, we visited a cobblestone plaza with quaint little cafés around its perimeter.

Front 171

rough

Back 171

/rʌf/ (adjective)
violent or stormy:
- The sea was too rough for sailing.

Front 172

rural

Back 172

/ˈrʊr·əl/ (adjective)
in, of, or like the country (= land not in cities):
She grew up in rural Utah.

Front 173

tough

Back 173

/tʌf/ (adjective)
not easily broken, weakened, or defeated; strong:
- These toys are made of tough plastic.
Results or actions that are tough are severe and determined:
- Tough new safety standards for cars are being introduced this week.

Front 174

unspoiled

Back 174

/ʌnˈspɔɪld/ (adjective)
An unspoiled place is beautiful because it has not been changed or damaged by people

Front 175

urban

Back 175

/ˈɜr·bən/ (adjective)
of or in a city or town:
- Many Americans were leaving the farm for the promise of urban life.
- Over 82% of Texans live in urban areas.

Front 176

fluctuate

Back 176

/ˈflʌk·tʃuˌeɪt/ (verb)
to change or vary frequently between one level or thing and another:
- Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.

Front 177

archaeology

Back 177

/ˌɑr·kiˈɑl·ə·dʒi/ (noun)
the study of ancient cultures through examination of their buildings, tools, and other objects

Front 178

excavate

Back 178

/ˈek·skəˌveɪt/ (noun)
to dig a hole or channel in the ground, or to make a hole or channel by removing earth:
- We'll be excavating here for the foundation of the building.
To excavate is also to remove earth from a place in order to find old objects buried there:
- Archaeologists are excavating a site near the cathedral.

Front 179

the Middle Ages

Back 179

a period in European history, between about 1000 AD and 1500 AD, when the power of kings, people of high rank and the Christian Church was strong

Front 180

millenia

Back 180

/mɪˈlen.i.əm/ (noun)
a period of 1000 years, or the time when a period of 1000 years ends
- The corpse had lain preserved in the soil for almost two millennia.

Front 181

pioneer

Back 181

/ˌpɑɪ·əˈnɪər/ (noun)
a person who is among the first to study or develop something:
- He was a pioneer in big-band jazz.

Front 182

chronological

Back 182

/krəˈnɑl·ə·dʒi/ (adjective)
a list or explanation of events in the order in which they happened:
- He gave a detailed chronology of the events of the past three days.

Front 183

consecutive

Back 183

/kənˈsek·jət̬·ɪv/ (adjective)
following one after another without an interruption:
- We've had five consecutive days of rain.

Front 184

imminent

Back 184

/ˈɪm·ə·nənt/ (adjective)
(esp. of something unpleasant) likely to happen very soon:
A rain storm was imminent.

Front 185

nostalgia

Back 185

/nɑˈstæl·dʒə/ (adjective)
a feeling of pleasure and sometimes slight sadness at the same time as you think about things that happened in the past:
- Hearing her voice again filled him with nostalgia.

Front 186

prehistoric

Back 186

/ˌpri·hɪsˈtɔr·ɪk/ (adjective)
happening in the period of human history before there were written records:
- Painting originated in prehistoric times with murals drawn on cave walls.

Front 187

punctual

Back 187

/ˈpʌŋk·tʃu·əl/ (adjective)
arriving, doing something, or happening at the expected or correct time; not late:
- Please try to be punctual, so we can start the meeting on time.

Front 188

erode

Back 188

/ɪˈroʊd/ (verb)
to weaken or damage something by taking away parts of it gradually, or to become weaker in this way:
- Budget cuts could further erode the benefit package provided for by the contract.

Front 189

infer

Back 189

/ɪnˈfɜr/ (verb)
to reach an opinion from available information or facts:

Front 190

predate

Back 190

/priˈdeɪt/ (verb)
to have existed or happened before another thing:
- These burial mounds predated the arrival of Europeans in North America.

Front 191

span

Back 191

/spæn/ (verb)
the length of something:
- A lifetime is a span of about seventy years.

Front 192

in time

Back 192

in the correct rhythm; "the dancers moved in time with the music"

Front 193

lose track of time

Back 193

to be unaware of what time it is

Front 194

in the right place at the right time

Back 194

in the location where something good is to happen exactly when it happens.

Front 195

subsequently

Back 195

/ˈsʌb·sɪ·kwənt/ (adverb)
happening after something else:
- Everything I do makes me better at each subsequent thing.

Front 196

the animal kingdom

Back 196

the group of all living creatures that are animals

Front 197

burrow

Back 197

/ˈbɜr·oʊ/ (noun)
a hole dug in the ground that an animal, such as a rabbit, lives in

Front 198

crop

Back 198

/krɑp/ (noun)
a plant such as a grain, vegetable, or fruit grown in large amounts on a farm, or the total amount gathered of such a plant:
- Apple growers celebrated their biggest crop ever last year.

Front 199

decline

Back 199

/dɪˈklɑɪn/ (noun)
to go down in amount or quality; lessen or weaken:
- His interest in the project declined after his wife died.

Front 200

den

Back 200

/den/ (noun)
a room in a home that is used esp. for reading and watching television:
- We have a computer in the den.

Front 201

ecology

Back 201

/ɪˈkɑl·ə·dʒi/ (noun)
the relationship of living things to their environment and to each other, or the scientific study of this:
- The oil spill caused great damage to the fragile ecology of the coastline.

Front 202

extinction

Back 202

/ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ (noun)
no longer existing:
- There is concern that the giant panda will soon become extinct.

Front 203

fauna

Back 203

/ˈfɔ·nə/ (noun)
all the animals of a particular area or period of time

Front 204

flora

Back 204

/ˈflɔr·ə/ (noun)
all the plants of a particular area or period of time

Front 205

habitat

Back 205

/ˈhæb·ɪˌtæt/ (noun)
the natural surroundings in which an animal or plant usually lives

Front 206

human nature

Back 206

the behavior and feelings common to most people

Front 207

Mother Nature

Back 207

nature or weather considered as a force that has power over human beings

Front 208

pesticide

Back 208

/ˈpes·təˌsɑɪd/ (noun)
a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms

Front 209

predator

Back 209

/ˈpred·ə·t̬ər/ (noun)
an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food

Front 210

prey

Back 210

/preɪ/ (noun)
a creature that is hunted and killed for food by another animal:

Front 211

repercussion

Back 211

/ˌri·pərˈkʌʃ·ən/ (noun)
the usually bad effect of an event, action, or decision:
- The repercussions of her comments could be serious.

Front 212

scent

Back 212

/sent/ (noun)
a smell, esp. when pleasant, or a smell left behind by an animal or person:
- The dogs were onto the lost boy's scent (= were following his smell).

Front 213

soil

Back 213

/sɔɪl/ (noun)
the material on the surface of the ground in which plants grow; earth:
- Plant the seeds in potting soil.

Front 214

vermin

Back 214

/ˈvɜr·mən/ (noun)
small animals and insects that are harmful or annoying and are often difficult to control:
- She reported an infestation of vermin, including rats, in the basement of the apartment house.

Front 215

weed

Back 215

/wid/ (noun)
any wild plant that grows in a garden or field where it is not wanted:
- My garden is overrun with weeds.

Front 216

arid

Back 216

/ˈær·ɪd/ (adjective)
(of land or weather) having little rain; very dry:
- an arid region

Front 217

catastrophe

Back 217

/kəˈtæs·trə·fi/ (adjective)
a sudden event that causes great suffering or destruction:
- Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.
catastrophic /ˌkæt̬·əˈstrɑf·ɪk/ (adjective)

Front 218

disastrous

Back 218

/dɪˈzɑː.strəs/ (adjective)
extremely bad or unsuccessful
- Such a war would be disastrous for the country.

Front 219

domesticated

Back 219

/dəˈmes·tɪˌkeɪ·t̬ɪd/ (adjective)
brought under human control:
- the wild ancestors of our domesticated chickens

Front 220

endangered

Back 220

/ɪnˈdeɪn.dʒəd/ (adjective)
animals or plants which may soon not exist because there are very few now alive

Front 221

genetically modified

Back 221

(adjective)
genetically modified: used for describing a plant or animal that has had some of its genes (= parts of a cell that give a plant or animal its particular characteristics) changed by scientists:
- A report claimed that GM maize and rice showed health benefits.

Front 222

semi-arid

Back 222

/ˌsem.iˈær.ɪd/ (adjective)
describes an area or climate with little rain but not completely dry

Front 223

vulnerable

Back 223

/ˈvʌl·nər·ə·bəl/ (adjective)
able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked:

Front 224

adapt

Back 224

/əˈdæpt/ (verb)
to adjust to different conditions or uses, or to change to meet different situations

Front 225

combat

Back 225

/ˈkɑm·bæt/ (verb)
to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing:
- We must try to combat poverty and illiteracy.

Front 226

cultivate

Back 226

/ˈkʌl·təˌveɪt/ (verb)
to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop:
- He cultivated soybeans on most of the land.

Front 227

eradicate

Back 227

/ɪˈræd·əˌkeɪt/ (verb)
to get rid of or destroy something completely:
- A new vaccine eradicated polio.

Front 228

tolerate

Back 228

/ˈtɑl·əˌreɪt/ (verb)
to bear something unpleasant or annoying, or to keep going despite difficulties:
- Athletes often have to tolerate a lot of pain.

Front 229

asteroid

Back 229

/ˈæs·təˌrɔɪd/ (noun)
an object like a very large rock that goes around the sun like a planet:
- Scientists are hoping an asteroid will clue them in about early life on earth.

Front 230

astronaut

Back 230

/ˈæs·trəˌnɔt/ (noun)
a person who is trained for traveling in spacecraft

Front 231

atmosphere

Back 231

/ˈæt·məˌsfɪər/ (noun)
the mixture of gases that surrounds some planets, such as the earth; the air

Front 232

cosmos

Back 232

/ˈkɑz·məs/ (noun)
the universe considered as a system with an order and pattern

Front 233

crater

Back 233

/ˈkreɪ·t̬ər/ (noun)
a large hole in the top of a volcano (= mountain made from liquid rock)
A crater is also a large hole made by something hitting the ground with force:
- The meteorite left a crater six feet deep.

Front 234

debris

Back 234

/dəˈbri/ (noun)
broken or torn pieces left from the destruction of something larger:
- After the tornado, debris from damaged trees and houses littered the town.

Front 235

horizon

Back 235

/həˈrɑɪ·zən/ (noun)
the place in the distance where the earth and sky seem to meet:
- We watched the horizon as the sun set.

Front 236

meteor

Back 236

/ˈmi·t̬i·ər/ (noun)
a small piece of matter that falls from space with great speed, producing a bright light as it enters the earth's atmosphere (= the air surrounding it)

Front 237

orbit

Back 237

/ˈɔr·bɪt/ (noun)
the curved path through which objects in space move around a planet or star that has gravity (= a pulling force)
An orbit is also the path an electron takes around the nucleus (= central part) of an atom.

Front 238

radiation

Back 238

/ˌreɪ·diˈeɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
energy in the form of waves or particles (= any of the smallest pieces of matter that make up atoms):

Front 239

rocket

Back 239

/ˈrɑk·ɪt/ (noun)
a cylindrical device containing material that explodes, sending the device through the air:

Front 240

simulator

Back 240

/ˈsɪmjəleɪtər/ (noun)
a piece of equipment that is designed to represent real conditions, for example in an aircraft or spacecraft:
- I've got a flight simulator on the computer.

Front 241

spacecraft

Back 241

/speɪsˌkræft/ (noun)
a vehicle designed for travel in space:

Front 242

space shuttle

Back 242

/speɪs ˌʃʌt·əl/ (noun)
a vehicle that takes people into space and comes back to Earth again

Front 243

cosmic

Back 243

/ˈkɑz·mɪk/ (adjective)
of or relating to the cosmos rather than to the earth alone:

Front 244

inevitable

Back 244

/ɪˈnev·ɪ·t̬ə·bəl/ (adjective)
certain to happen:
- Accidents are the inevitable result of carelessness.

Front 245

terrestrial

Back 245

/təˈres·tri·əl/ (adjective)
relating to the planet earth, or living or existing on the land rather than in the sea or air:
- Newton investigated terrestrial and celestial motion.

Front 246

toxic

Back 246

/ˈtɑk·sɪk/ (adjective)
poisonous, or relating to poisonous substances

Front 247

uninhabitable

Back 247

/ˌʌn.ɪnˈhæb.ɪ.tə.bl ̩/ (adjective)
not habitable (= suitable to live in)
- If there's no roof then the house is uninhabitable.

Front 248

unmanned

Back 248

/ʌnˈmænd/ (adjective)
not having or not needing people to operate or work correctly:
- Both designs represent a new generation of unmanned aircraft, which began in the 1990s with robotic spy planes.

Front 249

acclimatize

Back 249

/əˈklaɪ.mə.taɪz/ (verb)
to (cause to) change to suit different conditions of life, weather, etc
- More time will be needed for the troops and equipment to become acclimatized to desert conditions.

Front 250

colonize

Back 250

/ˈkɑl·əˌnɑɪz/ (verb)
a country or area controlled politically by a more powerful country
A colony is also a group of animals, insects, or plants of the same type that live together:
- Peru was colonized by the Spanish in the 16th century.

Front 251

float

Back 251

/floʊt/ (verb)
to stay or move easily on or over the surface of a liquid, or to cause something to move in this way:
- An empty bottle will float on water.

Front 252

propel

Back 252

/prəˈpel/ (verb)
to cause something to move forward:
- Seals use their fins and flippers to propel them through the water with great force.

Front 253

sustain

Back 253

/səˈsteɪn/ (verb)
to keep something in operation; maintain:
- It is hard to see what will sustain them when they have no income.

Front 254

undergo

Back 254

/ˌʌn·dərˈgoʊ/ (verb)
to experience something that is unpleasant or has a strong effect:
- He recently underwent heart bypass surgery.

Front 255

balcony

Back 255

/ˈbæl·kə·ni/ (noun)
a narrow floor that is attached to the outside wall of a building above the ground, usually with sides or bars, or an area of seats at an upper level in a theater:
- Our hotel room has a balcony that looks out over the pool.

Front 256

brick

Back 256

/brɪk/ (noun)
a rectangular block of hard material used for building walls and houses

Front 257

ceiling

Back 257

/ˈsi·lɪŋ/ (noun)
the upper surface of a room that you see when you look above you:

Front 258

concrete

Back 258

/ˈkɑn·krit/ (noun)
a very hard building material made by mixing together cement (= powdered substance), sand, small stones, and water:

Front 259

construction

Back 259

/kənˈstrʌk·ʃən/ (noun)
the act or result of putting different things together:
- A new hotel is now under construction (= being built).

Front 260

cottage

Back 260

/ˈkɑt̬·ɪdʒ/ (noun)
a small house, usually away from a city or town

Front 261

frame

Back 261

/freɪm/ (noun)
a border that encloses and supports a picture, mirror, etc.:
- She put his picture in a silver frame.

Front 262

gadget

Back 262

/ˈgædʒ·t/ (noun)
a small device or machine with a particular purpose:
- This handy gadget separates egg yolks from whites.

Front 263

housing

Back 263

/ˈhɑʊ·zɪŋ/ (noun)
buildings that people live in, or the providing of places for people to live:
- affordable/expensive housing

Front 264

innovation

Back 264

/ˌɪn·əˈveɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
a new idea or method, or the use of new ideas and methods:
- The recording industry is driven by constant innovation.

Front 265

landmark

Back 265

/ˈlændˌmɑrk/ (noun)
a building or place that is easily recognized, esp. one that you can use to judge where you are:
- I couldn't pick out any familiar landmarks in the dark and got completely lost.

Front 266

shaft

Back 266

/ʃæft/ (noun)
a long pole or rod:
- Energy from the wheels turns the shafts and produces electricity.

Front 267

occupant

Back 267

/ˈɑk·jə·pənt/ (noun)
someone who lives in a particular place:
- The occupants of the building are unhappy about the rent increase.

Front 268

quarry

Back 268

/ˈkwɑr·i/ (noun)
a large hole in the ground that workers dig in order to use the stone and sand for building material

Front 269

residence

Back 269

/ˈrez·ɪ·dəns/ (noun)
the place where someone lives, or the condition of living somewhere:
- That big building is the Governor's official residence (= home).

Front 270

skycraper

Back 270

/ˈskɑɪˌskreɪ·pər/ (noun)
a very tall building:
- The restaurant is at the top of one of the big downtown skyscrapers.

Front 271

storage

Back 271

/ˈstɔr·ɪdʒ/ (noun)
the act of putting things in a special place for use in the future, or the place where you put things:
- Fire broke out in a basement storage area.

Front 272

tension

Back 272

/ˈten·ʃən/ (noun)
the state of being tight and stiff:
- We need more tension in the wires, so pull them tighter.

Front 273

timber

Back 273

/ˈtɪm·bər/ (noun)
wood from trees that is used for building, or trees grown for this use:
- The houses were constructed of timber and whitewashed clay.

Front 274

airy

Back 274

/ˈeər·i/ (adjective)
spacious and light:
- The new offices are bright and airy.

Front 275

conventional

Back 275

/kənˈven·ʃə·nəl/ (adjective)
following the usual practices of the past:
- We were raised in a conventional, middle-class family.

Front 276

cosy

Back 276

/ˈkəʊ.zi/ (adjective)
comfortable and pleasant, especially (of a building) because small and warm
- This room is nice and cosy in the winter.

Front 277

cramped

Back 277

/kræmpt/ (adjective)
limited in the freedom to move because there is not enough space:
- He managed to get a bed in a cramped student apartment.

Front 278

disposable

Back 278

/dɪˈspoʊ·zə·bəl/ (adjective)
intended to be thrown away after use:
- disposable cups

Front 279

domestic

Back 279

/dəˈmes·tɪk/ (adjective)
relating to the home, house, or family:
- I've never been fond of domestic chores like cooking and cleaning.

Front 280

exterior

Back 280

/ekˈstɪər·i·ər/ (adjective)
outer; on or from the outside:
- The exterior walls of the house are painted pink.

Front 281

functional

Back 281

/ˈfʌŋk·ʃə·nəl/ (adjective)
intended to be used; practical rather than attractive:
- Our furniture isn't very fancy, but it's functional.

Front 282

futuristic

Back 282

/ˌfju·tʃəˈrɪs·tɪk/ (adjective)
relating to the future, or very modern or advanced:
- Her latest novel is a futuristic thriller, set in the twenty-first century.

Front 283

high-rise

Back 283

/ˈhɑɪˌrɑɪz/ (adjective)
a tall, modern building with a lot of floors

Front 284

innovative

Back 284

/ˈɪn·əˌveɪ·t̬ɪv/ (adjective)
(of ideas and methods) new and different:
Gwen introduced a number of innovative solutions.

Front 285

mass-produce

Back 285

/ˈmæs prəˈdus/ (verb)
to make a lot of a product, using machinery in a factory

Front 286

multi-storey

Back 286

/ˌmʌl.tɪˈstɔː.ri/ (adjective)
describes a building with several floors
- a multi-storey car park

Front 287

ornate

Back 287

/ɔrˈneɪt/ (adjective)
having a lot of decoration:
- ornate jewelry/buildings

Front 288

prefabricated

Back 288

/priˈfæb·rɪˌkeɪ·t̬ɪd/ (adjective)
built from parts that have been made in a factory and can be put together quickly:
- Our school is using prefabricated buildings for extra classrooms.

Front 289

spacious

Back 289

/ˈspeɪ·ʃəs/ (adjective)
having a lot of space:
- A spacious house is comfortable.

Front 290

condemn

Back 290

/kənˈdem/ (verb)
to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons:
- The movie was condemned for glorifying violence.

Front 291

decorate

Back 291

/ˈdek·əˌreɪt/ (verb)
to add something to an object or place, esp. to make it more attractive:
- They decorated the table with flowers and candles.

Front 292

dimolish

Back 292

/dɪˈmɑl·ɪʃ/ (verb)
to completely destroy buildings or other structures:
- Most of the town was demolished by the tornado.

Front 293

devise

Back 293

/dɪˈvɑɪz/ (verb)
to invent something, esp. with intelligence or imagination:
- He devised a new way to treat mental depression.

Front 294

haul

Back 294

/hɔl/ (verb)
to pull something heavy or transport something over long distances:
- They use these trucks to haul freight.

Front 295

hoist

Back 295

/hɔɪst/ (verb)
to lift something heavy, often with special equipment:
- Tomorrow the final section of the bridge will be hoisted into place.

Front 296

occupy

Back 296

/ˈɑk·jəˌpɑɪ/ (verb)
(of an army or group of people) to move into and take control or possession of a place:
- Nationalist forces now occupy more than 70% of the country.

Front 297

reconstruct

Back 297

/ˌri·kənˈstrʌkt/ (verb)
to build or create again something that has been damaged or destroyed

Front 298

renovate

Back 298

/ˈren·əˌveɪt/ (verb)
to repair and improve something, esp. a building

Front 299

computerize

Back 299

/kəmˈpjuːtəraɪz/ (noun)
to record, store, and use information on a computer instead of using paper documents:
- Hospitals are being urged to cut costs by computerizing their medical records.

Front 300

gadget

Back 300

/ˈgædʒ·t/ (noun)
a small device or machine with a particular purpose:
- This handy gadget separates egg yolks from whites.

Front 301

prototype

Back 301

/ˈproʊ·t̬əˌtɑɪp/ (noun)
the original model of something from which later forms are developed

Front 302

compact

Back 302

/kəmˈpækt/ (adjective)
closely or neatly put together:
- The newer cameras have a flatter, more compact design.

Front 303

cutting-edge

Back 303

/ˈkʌt̬·ɪŋ ˈedʒ/ (adjective)
the most recent stage in the development of something:
- His research is at the cutting edge of new therapies for cancer.

Front 304

cyber

Back 304

/ˈsɑɪ·bər/ (adjective)
computer:
cybercrime

Front 305

dated

Back 305

/ˈdeɪ·t̬ɪd/ (adjective)
showing the facts or style of the past rather than of the present:

Front 306

labor-saving

Back 306

(adjective)
able to save time and effort:
- When technology works, it's a wonderful labour-saving device.

Front 307

state of the art

Back 307

/ˈsteɪt·əv·ðiˈɑrt/ (adjective)
the best and most modern of its type:
a state-of-the-art computer system

Front 308

envisage / envision

Back 308

/ɪnˈvɪʒ·ɪdʒ/ /ɪnˈvɪz·ən/ (verb)
to imagine or expect that something is a likely or desirable possibility in the future:
- He envisioned a partnership between business and government.

Front 309

revolutionize

Back 309

/ˌrev·əˈlu·ʃəˌnɑɪz/ (verb)
to produce a very great or complete change in something:
- Newton's discoveries revolutionized physics.

Front 310

speculate

Back 310

/ˈspek·jəˌleɪt/ (verb)
to form opinions about something without having the necessary information or facts; to make guesses:
- I'm just speculating about what happened.

Front 311

surpass

Back 311

/sərˈpæs/ (verb)
to do or be better or more than something else:
- Our team's achievements surpass those of teams in earlier years.

Front 312

demographics

Back 312

/ˌdem·əˈgræf·ɪk/ (noun)
relating to human populations and the information collected about them, such as their size, growth, ages, and education:
- More than any other demographic group, it is the educated young adult who has been the industry's favorite customer.

Front 313

diversity

Back 313

/dɪˈvɜr·sɪ·t̬i/ (noun)
the condition or fact of being different or varied; variety:
- genetic/biological diversity

Front 314

globalisation

Back 314

/ˌgloʊ·bə·ləˈzeɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
the development of closer economic, cultural, and political relations among all the countries of the world as a result of travel and communication becoming easy:
- Optimists say globalization means more cultural choices for everyone.

Front 315

hindsight

Back 315

/ˈhɑɪndˌsɑɪt/ (noun)
the ability to understand, after something has happened, why or how it was done and how it might have been done better:
- They are ideas that, in hindsight, often seem hair-brained.

Front 316

implication

Back 316

/ˌɪm·plɪˈkeɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
a suggestion of something that is made without saying it directly:
- The implication was that the workers and management had already reached an agreement.

Front 317

impact

Back 317

/ˈɪm·pækt/ (noun)
the force with which one thing hits another or with which two things hit each other:
- The impact of the crash destroyed the car.

Front 318

joint venture

Back 318

A joint venture is a business that gets its money from two or more partners.

Front 319

(have a) monopoly

Back 319

/məˈnɑp·ə·li/ (noun)
complete control of the supply of particular goods or services, or a company or group that has such control:
- The Postal Service is guaranteed a monopoly on all first-class letters.

Front 320

modernization

Back 320

/ˌmɒd.ən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ (noun)
to make something more modern
- Much of the house has been modernized.

Front 321

proportion

Back 321

/prəˈpɔː.ʃən/ (noun)
the number or amount of a group or part of something when compared to the whole
- Children make up a large proportion of the world's population.

Front 322

aging

Back 322

/ˈeɪ·dʒɪŋ/ (adjective)
being or appearing old:
- Oil companies are particularly concerned about their aging fleet of deep-water rigs.

Front 323

ethnic

Back 323

/ˈeθ·nɪk/ (adjective)
relating to or characteristic of a large group of people who have the same national, racial, or cultural origins, and who usually speak the same language:
- an ethnic neighborhood

Front 324

exotic

Back 324

/ɪgˈzɑt̬·ɪk/ (adjective)
unusual and specially interesting because of coming from a country that is far away:
- exotic pets like snakes and tropical birds

Front 325

sceptical

Back 325

/ˈskep.tɪ.kəl/ (adjective)
doubting that something is true or useful
- Many experts remain sceptical about/of his claims.

Front 326

subsequent

Back 326

/ˈsʌb·sɪ·kwənt/ (adjective)
happening after something else:
- Everything I do makes me better at each subsequent thing.

Front 327

wealth

Back 327

/welθ/ (noun)
a large amount of money and other valuable possessions:
- His wealth is so great that money doesn't mean much to him.

Front 328

compound

Back 328

/ˈkɑm·pɑʊnd/ (verb)
a mixture of two or more different parts or elements:
- His jokes have been described as a compound of fears, anxieties, and insecurities.

Front 329

dominate

Back 329

/ˈdɑm·əˌneɪt/ (verb)
to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing:
- It was the story that dominated the headlines this week.

Front 330

dwindle

Back 330

/ˈdwɪn·dəl/ (verb)
to become less in number or smaller:
- The community had dwindled to a tenth of its former size.

Front 331

urbanisation

Back 331

/ˌɜr·bə·nəˈzeɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
the process of becoming more like a city

Front 332

compromise

Back 332

/ˈkɑm·prəˌmɑɪz/ (noun)
an agreement between two sides who have different opinions, in which each side gives up something it had wanted:
- Under the compromise, car manufacturers must use cleaner fuel but have more time to do it.

Front 333

dilemma

Back 333

/dɪˈlem·ə/ (noun)
a situation in which a choice has to be made between possibilities that will all have results you do not want:
- The dilemma was over how to protect a charming little island and at the same time allow economic development on it.

Front 334

infrastructure

Back 334

/ˈɪn·frəˌstrʌk·tʃər/ (noun)
the basic structure of an organization or system which is necessary for its operation, esp. public water, energy, and systems for communication and transport

Front 335

megacity

Back 335

/ˈmeɡəˌsɪti/ (noun)
a very large city that has a population of more than 10 million people and that is often made of two or more urban areas that have grown so much that they are connected:
Lagos is a mega-city that now stretches over roughly 300 square kilometres.
London is likely to become one of the world's biggest megacities by 2020.

Front 336

obstacle

Back 336

/ˈɑb·stə·kəl/ (noun)
something that blocks your way so that movement or progress is prevented or made more difficult:
- We suddenly encountered an obstacle along the trail.

Front 337

resolution

Back 337

/ˌrez·əˈlu·ʃən/
the act of solving a problem or finding a way to improve a difficult situation:
- Negotiators are working tirelessly for a swift resolution of this crisis.

Front 338

adequate

Back 338

/ˈæd·ɪ·kwət/ (adjective)
enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose:
- He didn't have adequate time to prepare for the exam.

Front 339

boom

Back 339

/bum/ (verb)
to make a deep, loud sound:

Front 340

catastrophic

Back 340

/kəˈtæs.trə.fi/ (adjective)
a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction
- They were warned of the ecological catastrophe to come.

Front 341

setback

Back 341

/ˈsetˌbæk/ (noun)
something that causes delay or stops progress:
- Democrats suffered a serious setback in yesterday's election, losing all three contested seats.

Front 342

slum

Back 342

/slʌm/ (noun)
a very poor and crowded area of a city:
- She works with children in a rough New Jersey slum.

Front 343

decent

Back 343

/ˈdi·sənt/ (adjective)
acceptable, satisfactory, or reasonable:
- We get good benefits, and the pay is decent.

Front 344

double-edged

Back 344

/ˈdʌb·əlˈedʒd/ (adjective)
having two possible and different meanings or effects:
- Climate changes are potentially double-edged in their consequences.

Front 345

one-sided

Back 345

/ˈwʌnˈsɑɪ·dɪd/ (adjective)
not balanced or fair:
- The book presents a one-sided view of history.

Front 346

long-sighted

Back 346

/ˌlɒŋˈsaɪ.tɪd/ (adjective)
able to see things which are far away but not things which are near you

Front 347

rural

Back 347

/ˈrʊr·əl/ (adjective)
in, of, or like the country (= land not in cities):
- She grew up in rural Utah.

Front 348

short-sighted

Back 348

/ˈʃɔrtˈsɑɪt·̬əd/ (adjective)
showing a lack of thought for what might happen in the future:
- It's shortsighted to spend all your money on having a good time.

Front 349

staggering

Back 349

/ˈstæg·ər·ɪŋ/ (adjective)
shocking because of being extremely large:
- Nursing care costs a staggering $15,000 per week!

Front 350

aggravate

Back 350

/ˈæg·rəˌveɪt/ (verb)
to make something bad worse:
- Road repair work has aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.

Front 351

deteriorate

Back 351

/dɪˈtɪr·i·əˌreɪt/ (verb)
to become worse:
- She went into the hospital when her condition began to deteriorate.

Front 352

exacerbate

Back 352

/ɪgˈzæs·ərˌbeɪt/ (verb)
to make something that is already bad worse:
Her allergy was exacerbated by the dust.

Front 353

flourish

Back 353

/ˈflɜr·ɪʃ/ (verb)
to grow or develop successfully:
- Parts of the city continue to flourish.

Front 354

linger

Back 354

/ˈlɪŋ·gər/ (verb)
to take longer than usual to leave or disappear:
- We went to small cafes where we could linger over cappuccino.

Front 355

reform

Back 355

/rɪˈfɔrm/ (verb)
to become better, or to make something better by making corrections or removing any faults:
- As governor, he reformed election procedures.

Front 356

regulate

Back 356

/ˈreg·jəˌleɪt/ (verb)
to control an activity or process by rules or a system:
- A computer system regulates production.

Front 357

remedy

Back 357

/ˈrem·ə·di/ (verb)
a substance or method for curing an illness, or a way of dealing with a problem or difficulty:
- cold remedies
- remedy a situation

Front 358

resolve

Back 358

/rɪˈzɑlv/ (verb)
to solve or end a problem or difficulty:
- The couple resolved their differences.

Front 359

tackle

Back 359

/ˈtæk·əl/ (verb)
to catch and knock down someone who is running, esp. in the game of football:
- All four players were unable to tackle the quarterback before he scored a touchdown.

Front 360

worsen

Back 360

/ˈwɜr·sən/ (verb)
more unpleasant, difficult, or severe than before or than something else;
- The next day his fever went up and his condition worsened.

Front 361

biodiversity

Back 361

/ˌbaɪ.əʊ .da ɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/ (noun)
the number and types of plant and animal species that exist in a particular environmental area or in the world generally, or the problem of protecting this
- a new National Biological Survey to protect species habitat and biodiversity

Front 362

contaminate

Back 362

/kənˈtæm·əˌneɪt/ (verb)
to make something less pure or make it poisonous:
- The disease can be caused by a variety of viruses, bacteria, and other small organisms that contaminate food or water.

Front 363

deforestation

Back 363

the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use.[1] Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use.

Front 364

disposal

Back 364

/dɪˈspoʊ·zəl/ (noun)
the act of getting rid of something:
- the disposal of toxic wastes

Front 365

drought

Back 365

/drɑʊt/ (noun)
- a long period when there is little or no rain

Front 366

emit, emission

Back 366

/iˈmɪt/ (verb)
to send out light, sound, or a smell, or a gas or other substance:
- The alarm emits a high-pitched sound if anyone tries to break in.

Front 367

fumes

Back 367

/fjumz/ (noun)
harmful or strong-smelling gases or smoke:
- Neighbors complain about fumes from the nearby sewage treatment plant.

Front 368

greenhouse gas

Back 368

one of several gases, especially carbon dioxide, that prevent heat from the earth escaping into space, causing the greenhouse effect:
- We need a global system for limiting greenhouse gas emissions.

Front 369

pollutant

Back 369

(noun)
Maybe there's some kind of chemical pollutant in their drinking water.

Front 370

strain

Back 370

/streɪn/ (noun)
something that causes anxiety, worry, or difficulty:
- Loss of funding has put a lot of strain on the day-care center.

Front 371

achieve

Back 371

/əˈtʃiv/ (verb)
to do or obtain something that you wanted after planning and working to make it happen:

Front 372

conceivable

Back 372

/kənˈsi·və·bəl/ (verb)
possible to imagine or think of:
Books on every conceivable subject lined one wall.

Front 373

devastating

Back 373

/ˈdev·əˌsteɪ·t̬ɪŋ/ (adjective)
causing great damage or suffering to something or someone:
devastating criticisms

Front 374

feasible

Back 374

/ˈfi·zə·bəl/ (adjective)
possible, reasonable, or likely:
It's no longer feasible to fund this research.

Front 375

fruitless

Back 375

/ˈfrut·ləs/ (adjective)
unsuccessful or not productive:
- After months of fruitless negotiations with team owners, the city withdrew its offer to build a new stadium.

Front 376

liable

Back 376

/ˈlɑɪ·ə·bəl/ (adjective)
likely to do, happen, or experience something:
- If you don't take care of yourself, you're liable to get sick.

Front 377

pointless

Back 377

/ˈpɔɪnt·ləs/ (adjective)
having no useful purpose:
- a pointless argument

Front 378

pristine

Back 378

/ˈprɪs·tin/ (adjective)
original and pure; not spoiled or worn from use:
- The car seemed to be in pristine condition.

Front 379

sustainable

Back 379

/səˈsteɪ·nə·bəl/ (adjective)
able to be maintained or continued:
- The growth momentum is likely to be sustainable into next year.

Front 380

taxing

Back 380

/ˈtæk·sɪŋ/ (adjective)
needing too much effort:
- After the surgery, I couldn't do anything too taxing for a while.

Front 381

unattainable

Back 381

/ˌʌn.əˈteɪ.nə.bl ̩/ (adjective)
not able to be achieved
an unattainable ideal

Front 382

unlikely

Back 382

/ʌnˈlɑɪk·li/ (adjective)
not expected to happen; not likely:
- It's unlikely (that) we will ever learn what happened.

Front 383

unprecedented

Back 383

/ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ (adjective)
never having happened or existed in the past
- This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.

Front 384

viable

Back 384

/ˈvɑɪ·ə·bəl/ (adjective)
able to exist, perform as intended, or succeed:
- The company had to seek other ways to remain viable.

Front 385

worthwhile

Back 385

/wɜrθˈhwɑɪl/ (adjective)
useful, important, or helpful enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time spent or the effort made:
- She considers teaching a worthwhile career.

Front 386

confront

Back 386

/kənˈfrʌnt/ (verb)
to deal with a difficult problem, situation, or person:
- He forced the country to confront the issue of deforestation.

Front 387

dispose of something

Back 387

to get rid of something; throw out or destroy:
- Every month he must dispose of the oil his restaurant uses to fry potatoes.

Front 388

dump

Back 388

/dʌmp/ (verb)
to put down or drop something heavy without caring where it goes, or to get rid of something or someone no longer wanted:
- The ship was accused of dumping garbage overboard.

Front 389

inexorable

Back 389

/ɪˈnek.sər.ə.bl ̩/
continuing without any possibility of being stopped
- the inexorable progress of science

Front 390

inevitable

Back 390

/ɪˈnev·ɪ·t̬ə·bəl/
certain to happen:
- Accidents are the inevitable result of carelessness.

Front 391

crisis

Back 391

/ˈkrɑɪ·sɪs/ (noun)
an extremely dangerous or difficult situation:
- an economic crisis

Front 392

turbine

Back 392

/ˈtɜr·bən/ (noun)
a type of machine through which liquid or gas flows and turns a special wheel with blades in order to produce power:
- a steam turbine

Front 393

drastic

Back 393

/ˈdræs·tɪk/ (adjective)
(of a change) severe and sudden; extreme:
- In the desert there's a drastic change in temperature from day to night.

Front 394

renewable

Back 394

/rɪˈnu·ə·bəl/ (adjective)
Renewable substances can be used and easily replaced:
- renewable energy resources

Front 395

unleaded (petrol)

Back 395

/ʌnˈled·ɪd/ (adjective)
(of gasoline (= a fuel)) not containing lead (= a metal):
- Most cars today use unleaded gas.

Front 396

conserve

Back 396

/kənˈsɜrv/ (verb)
to keep and protect from waste, loss, or damage; preserve:
- In order to conserve fuel, they put in extra insulation.

Front 397

consume

Back 397

/kənˈsum/ (verb)
to use fuel, energy, or time, esp. in large amounts:
- Weekend shopping chores consumed much of her time.

Front 398

counter

Back 398

/ˈkɑʊn·tər/ (verb)
to react to something with an opposing opinion or action; to defend yourself against something:
- To counter the inaccuracies in the movie, researchers used computer models to project climate changes.

Front 399

deplete

Back 399

/dɪˈplit/ (verb)
to reduce something in size or amount, esp. supplies, energy, or money:
- Acid rain depletes the region's fish stocks.

Front 400

expend

Back 400

/ɪkˈspend/ (verb)
to use or spend something, esp. time, effort, or money:
- They expend all their energy fixing up their house.

Front 401

retain

Back 401

/rɪˈteɪn/ (verb)
to keep or continue to have something:
- Francis retained control of the company.

Front 402

consumer

Back 402

/kənˈsu·mər/ (noun)
someone who buys goods or services for personal use:
- consumer goods/spending

Front 403

credible

Back 403

/ˈkred·ə·bəl/ (adjective)
able to be believed or trusted:
- Investigators found no credible evidence of a crime.

Front 404

niche

Back 404

/nɪtʃ/ (noun)
a job, position, or place that is very suitable for someone:
- She's never quite found her niche on television.

Front 405

perk

Back 405

/pɜrk/ (noun)
a special advantage or benefit, in addition to the money you are paid, that you are given because of your job:
- Free child care for preschool children of employees was a popular perk.

Front 406

prospects

Back 406

/ˈprɑs·pekt/ (noun)
the possibility or likelihood that something will happen:
- Losing the elections is a prospect that still appears unlikely.

Front 407

shiftwork

Back 407

/ˈʃɪft.wɜːk/ (noun)
when different groups of workers work somewhere at different times of the day and night
- The factory is run on shiftwork.

Front 408

takeover

Back 408

/ˈteɪkˌoʊ·vər/ (noun)
an act of taking control of something:
- Huge corporate takeovers were the big financial news this year.

Front 409

unemployment

Back 409

/ˌʌn·ɪmˈplɔɪ·mənt/ (noun)
the situation of not having a job that provides money, or the number of people in this situation at any time:
- high/low unemployment

Front 410

wages

Back 410

/ˈweɪ·dʒəz/ (noun)
the money earned by an employee, esp. when paid for the hours worked:
- He was notorious for being anti-union and for paying low wages.

Front 411

workforce

Back 411

/ˈwɜrk ˌfɔrs/ (noun)
the people available to work or actually employed in a particular area, industry, or company

Front 412

casual

Back 412

/ˈkæʒ·u·əl/ (adjective)
not serious or careful in attitude; only partly interested:
- a casual glance at a magazine

Front 413

demanding

Back 413

/dɪˈmæn·dɪŋ/ (adjective)
needing a lot of attention, effort, or time:
- I'm trying to learn English, and I find it very demanding.

Front 414

monotonous

Back 414

/məˈnɑt·ə·nəs/ (adjective)
boring because of never changing:
- She stood all day ironing a monotonous succession of clothes and sheets.

Front 415

retail

Back 415

/ˈri·teɪl/ (noun)
the activity of selling goods to the public, usually in small amounts, for their own use

Front 416

redundant

Back 416

/rɪˈdʌn·dənt/ (adjective)
more than what is usual or necessary, esp. using extra words that mean the same thing:
- My English teacher was merciless if what we wrote was abstract, sentimental, or redundant.

Front 417

endorse

Back 417

/ɪnˈdɔrs/ (verb)
to make a public statement of your approval or support for something or someone:
- We're not endorsing tax increases.

Front 418

persuade

Back 418

/pərˈsweɪd/ (verb)
to cause people to do or believe something, esp. by explaining why they should:
- The government is trying to persuade consumers to save more.

Front 419

arsons

Back 419

/ˈɑr·sən/ (noun)
the crime of intentionally starting a fire in order to damage or destroy something, esp. a building

Front 420

authority

Back 420

/əˈθɔr·ɪ·t̬i/ (noun)
the power to control or demand obedience from others:
- The police have no legal authority in these disputes.

Front 421

burglary

Back 421

/ˈbɜr·glə·ri/ (noun)
the crime of illegally entering a building and stealing things:
- He committed more than a dozen burglaries in the last year.

Front 422

convict

Back 422

/kənˈvɪkt/ (noun)
to decide officially in a court of law that someone is guilty of a particular crime:
- There might not have been enough evidence to convict him.

Front 423

deter, deterrent

Back 423

/dɪˈtɜr/, /dɪˈtɜr·ənt/ (noun)
to prevent or discourage someone from doing something:
- High prices are deterring a lot of young couples from buying houses.

Front 424

fraud

Back 424

/frɔd/ (noun)
the crime of obtaining money or property by deceiving people:
- Convicted of tax fraud, he was sentenced to two years in prison.

Front 425

intent

Back 425

/ɪnˈtent/ (noun)
something that you intend or intended to do:
- There was clearly no intent to cause harm, and the judge ruled that the injury was accidental.

Front 426

intrusion

Back 426

/ɪnˈtru·ʒən/ (noun)
the act of going into a place or becoming involved in a situation where you are not wanted or do not belong:
- They complained that building a new airport nearby would be a noisy intrusion on their quiet lives.

Front 427

jury

Back 427

/ˈdʒʊr·i/ (noun)
a group of people who have been chosen to listen to the facts of a trial in a law court and to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty, or whether a claim has been proved:
- a trial by jury/a jury trial

Front 428

prosecutor

Back 428

/ˈprɑs·ɪˌkjut̬·ər/ (noun)
a legal representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime by bringing a case against that person in a court of law:
- Federal prosecutors intend to retry the case.

Front 429

reckless

Back 429

/ˈrek·ləs/ (adjective)
showing a lack of care about risks or danger, and acting without thinking about the results of your actions:
- These punks have a reckless disregard for the law.

Front 430

smuggle

Back 430

/ˈsmʌg·əl/ (verb)
to take things or people to or from a country or place illegally and secretly:
- He was caught trying to smuggle goods across the border.

Front 431

accuse

Back 431

/əˈkjuz/ (verb)
to say that someone is responsible for a crime or for having done something wrong:
- He was accused of failing to pay his taxes.

Front 432

toxic

Back 432

/ˈtɑk·sɪk/ (verb)
poisonous, or relating to poisonous substances

Front 433

vandal

Back 433

/ˈvæn·dəl/ (noun)
a person, often in a group, who intentionally damages public or private property

Front 434

evil

Back 434

/ˈi·vəl/ (noun)
the condition of being immoral, cruel, or bad, or an act of this type:
- a contest between good and evil

Front 435

guilty

Back 435

/ˈgɪl·ti/ (adjective)
If you feel guilty, you feel that you have done something wrong:
- I feel so guilty about forgetting your birthday.

Front 436

harsh

Back 436

/hɑrʃ/ (adjective)
unkind or cruel:
- harsh criticism

Front 437

innocent

Back 437

/ˈɪn·ə·sənt/ (adjective)
(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime, or having no knowledge of the unpleasant and evil things in life, or (of words or an action) not intended to cause harm:
- He pleaded innocent to all charges against him.

Front 438

law-abiding

Back 438

/ˈlɔ·əˌbɑɪ·dɪŋ/ (adjective)
obeying and respecting the law:
- a law-abiding citizen

Front 439

petty crime

Back 439

a type of crime which is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes
- petty crime such as shoplifting

Front 440

victimless

Back 440

/ˈvɪk·təm·ləs/ (adjective)
(of a crime) lacking a victim, or thought not to involve a victim:
Tax cheating is not a victimless crime.

Front 441

abide by something

Back 441

to accept or obey an agreement, decision, rule, etc.:

Front 442

abolish

Back 442

/əˈbɑl·ɪʃ/ (verb)
to put an end to something, such as an organization, rule, or custom:
- Massachusetts voters abolished rent control.

Front 443

enforce

Back 443

/ɪnˈfɔrs/ (verb)
to cause a law or rule to be obeyed:
- We need to enforce the traffic laws.

Front 444

perpetrate

Back 444

/ˈpɜr·pɪˌtreɪt/ (verb)
to commit a crime or other harmful act:
- We will find the person who perpetrated this crime.

Front 445

resent

Back 445

/rɪˈzent/ (verb)
to dislike or be angry at something or someone because you have been hurt or not treated fairly:
- She resented being treated like a child.

Front 446

commit a crime

Back 446

thesaurus

Front 447

convict a criminal

Back 447

thesaurus

Front 448

impose a fine

Back 448

thesaurus

Front 449

pass a law

Back 449

thesaurus

Front 450

solve a crime

Back 450

thesaurus

Front 451

bias

Back 451

/ˈbɑɪ·əs/ (noun)
an unfair personal opinion that influences your judgment:
- They vowed to fight racial bias in the school.

Front 452

censorship

Back 452

/ˈsen·sərˌʃɪp/ (noun)
the practice of censoring:
- Artists and critics accused him of censorship.

Front 453

affair

Back 453

/əˈfeər/ (noun)
a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered; a matter:
- The meeting was addressed by an expert in South American affairs.

Front 454

expose

Back 454

/ˌek·spoʊˈzeɪ/ (noun)
a public report about a situation that is shocking or that has been kept secret

Front 455

exposure

Back 455

/ɪkˈspoʊ·ʒər/ (noun)
a situation or condition that makes someone likely to be harmed, esp. because the person has not been protected from something dangerous:
- A federal court jury found the workers had been harmed by prolonged exposure to asbestos fibers.

Front 456

fame

Back 456

/feɪm/ (noun)
the state of being known for having or doing something important:
- She came to the city seeking fortune and fame.

Front 457

free press

Back 457

If a country has a free press, its newspapers, magazines and television and radio stations are able to express any opinions they want, even if these criticize the government and other organisations
- How can there be democratic elections without a free press?

Front 458

ideology

Back 458

/ˌɑɪ·diˈɑl·ə·dʒi/ (noun)
a theory or set of beliefs, esp. one on which a political system, party, or organization is based

Front 459

journalism

Back 459

/ˈdʒɜr·nəlˌɪz·əm/ (noun)
the work of collecting, writing, and publishing or broadcasting news stories and articles:
- broadcast journalism

Front 460

newsstand

Back 460

/ˈnuzˌstænd/ (noun)
a small structure where newspapers and magazines are sold

Front 461

publicity

Back 461

/pəˈblɪs·ɪ·t̬i/ (noun)
the activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activity:
- The publicity surrounding the case made jury selection difficult.

Front 462

safeguard

Back 462

/ˈseɪf·gɑrd/ (verb)
to protect someone or something from harm or destruction:
- Judges have an obligation to safeguard our right to free speech and a free press.

Front 463

speculation

Back 463

/ˌspek·jəˈleɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
guess: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence.

Front 464

tabloid

Back 464

/ˈtæb·lɔɪd/ (noun)
a type of newspaper that has smaller pages, many pictures, and short reports:
- The tabloids often attract readers with sensational headlines.

Front 465

alternative

Back 465

/ɔlˈtɜr·nə·t̬ɪv/ (adjective)
something that is different, esp. from what is usual; a choice:
- You can make it look good by comparing it to a crummy alternative.
- I have no alternative but to ask you to leave.

Front 466

grab

Back 466

/græb/ (verb)
to take or take hold of something or someone suddenly:
- I grabbed the rope and pulled myself out of the water.

Front 467

celebrity

Back 467

/səˈleb·rɪ·t̬i/ (noun)
someone who is famous, esp. in the entertainment business:
- Hollywood celebrities turned up at Laguna Beach.

Front 468

intrusive

Back 468

/ɪnˈtru·sɪv/ (adjective)
being involved in a situation where you are not wanted or do not belong:
- He's fought for less intrusive government.

Front 469

investigative

Back 469

/ɪnˈves·tɪˌgeɪ·t̬ɪv/ (adjective)
intended to examine something carefully, esp. to discover the truth about it:
- an investigative panel

Front 470

mainstream

Back 470

/ˈmeɪnˌstrim/ (adjective)
(of beliefs or behavior) common and shared by most people, or representing such beliefs or behavior:
- The story was largely ignored by the mainstream press.

Front 471

pervasive

Back 471

/pərˈveɪ·sɪv/ (adjective)
(esp. of an unwelcome influence or physical effect) Spreading widely throughout an area or a group of people.

Front 472

sensationalism

Back 472

/senˈseɪ.ʃən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ (noun)
when newspapers, television, etc. intentionally present information in a way that is intended to be shocking or exciting
- The newspaper has been accused of sensationalism in its coverage of the murders.

Front 473

superficial

Back 473

/ˌsu·pərˈfɪʃ·əl/ (adjective)
on the surface only; not deep:
- a superficial wound

Front 474

well-informed

Back 474

/ˈwel·ɪnˈfɔrmd/ (adjective)
having a lot of knowledge:
- Marilyn is well-informed about the stock market.

Front 475

censor

Back 475

/ˈsen·sər/ (verb)
to remove parts of something, such as a book, movie, or letter, that you do not want someone to see or hear:
- She opposes efforts to censor the Internet.

Front 476

exploit

Back 476

/ˈek·splɔɪt/ (noun)
a brave, interesting, or unusual act:
- daredevil exploits
(verb)
to use something for your own benefit:
- The two companies joined forces to exploit the potential of the Internet.

Front 477

intrude

Back 477

/ɪnˈtrud/ (verb)
to go into a place or be involved in a situation where you are not wanted or do not belong:
- Sorry to intrude, but I wanted to insure that this got to your attention.

Front 478

invade

Back 478

/ɪnˈveɪd/ (verb)
to enter a place by force, often in large numbers:
- The Allies were poised to invade Germany.

Front 479

publicize

Back 479

/ˈpʌb·ləˌsɑɪz/ (verb)
to make information available about someone or something:
- Luna has helped publicize the problem of homelessness.

Front 480

aesthetics

Back 480

/esˈθet̬·ɪks/ (noun)
the formal study of the principles of art and beauty

Front 481

artefact

Back 481

/ˈɑː.tɪ.fækt/ (noun)
an object that is made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest
- The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times.

Front 482

ballerina

Back 482

/ˌbæl·əˈri·nə/ (noun)
a female ballet dancer

Front 483

carving

Back 483

/ˈkɑr·vɪŋ/ (noun)
a decorative object made from esp. wood or stone, or the art of making patterns in or objects from these materials

Front 484

craft

Back 484

/kræft/ (noun)
skill in knowing how to do or make something, or a job or activity needing such skill:
- He talked about the craft of writing popular fiction.

Front 485

exhibition

Back 485

/ˌek·səˈbɪʃ·ən/ (noun)
a collection of things shown publicly:
- an exhibition of model airplanes

Front 486

inspiration

Back 486

/ˌɪn·spə·ˈreɪ·ʃən/ (noun)
someone or something that gives you ideas for doing something:
- She has been an inspiration to us all (= a good example for all).

Front 487

intimacy

Back 487

/ˈɪn·tə·mə·si/ (noun)
the state of having a close, personal relationship or romantic relationship with someone:
- He was always polite, but he shunned intimacy.

Front 488

orchestra

Back 488

/ˈɔr·kə·strə/ (noun)
a large group of musicians playing different instruments and usually organized to play together and led by a conductor:
- the New York Philharmonic Orchestra

Front 489

portrait

Back 489

/ˈpɔr·trət/ (noun)
a painting, photograph, or drawing of a person

Front 490

sculptor

Back 490

/ˈskʌlp·tər/ (noun)
a person who creates sculptures out of material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone:
- The sculptor supervised the placement of his newest sculpture in the garden.

Front 491

sculpture

Back 491

/ˈskʌlp·tʃər/ (noun)
the art of creating objects out of material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone, or a work of art of this type:
- In the ruins they found ancient stone sculptures.

Front 492

stimulus

Back 492

/ˈstɪm·jə·ləs/ (noun)
something that causes growth, activity, or reaction:
- The aid package would provide very little fiscal stimulus.

Front 493

venue

Back 493

/ˈven·ju/ (noun)
the place where a public event or meeting happens:
- They changed the venue at the last minute because they realized the meeting room would have been much too small.

Front 494

works

Back 494

/wɜrks/ (noun)
all the extra things that may be offered with something:
- This camera came with a carrying case, zoom lens, tripod - the works.

Front 495

accomplished

Back 495

/əˈkʌm.plɪʃt/ (adjective)
skilled
- She's a very accomplished pianist/painter/horsewoman.

Front 496

burgeoning

Back 496

/ˈbɜr·dʒə·nɪŋ/ (adjective)
growing or developing quickly:
- A burgeoning tourist industry lifted the state's economy.

Front 497

distracting

Back 497

/dɪˈstrækt/ (adjective)
to take someone's attention away from what that person is doing or should be doing:
- She liked to work with the radio playing and said it did not distract her.

Front 498

eclectic

Back 498

/ɪˈklek·tɪk/ (adjective)
consisting of different types, methods, styles, etc.:
- It was an eclectic mix of our ethnic foods and traditional Thanksgiving food.

Front 499

mundane

Back 499

/mʌnˈdeɪn/ (adjective)
ordinary and not interesting in any way:
- The show was just another mundane family sitcom.

Front 500

passionate

Back 500

/ˈpæʃ·ə·nət/ (adjective)
full of emotion:
- a passionate speech

Front 501

prominent

Back 501

/ˈprɑm·ə·nənt/ (adjective)
very noticeable, important, or famous:
- She plays a prominent role in the organization.

Front 502

vivid

Back 502

/ˈvɪv·ɪd/ (adjective)
brightly colored or (of descriptions or memories) producing clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind:
- vivid colors

Front 503

choreography

Back 503

/ˌkɒr.iˈɒg.rə.fi/ (noun)
the skill of combining movements into dances to be performed
- a flamboyant style of choreography

Front 504

depict

Back 504

/dɪˈpɪkt/ (verb)
to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray:
- The movie depicts his father as a tyrant.

Front 505

provoke

Back 505

/prəˈvoʊk/ (verb)
to try to make a person or an animal angry or annoyed:
- He was trying to provoke me into a fight.

Front 506

transcend

Back 506

/trænˈsend/ (verb)
to go beyond or rise above a limit, or be greater than something ordinary:
- The group makes music that transcends traditional pop categories.